The End Of The Diem Regime Essays - Buddhist Crisis, Ngo Dinh Diem

The End Of The Diem Regime The Kennedy administration was responsible for the overthrow of the Diem regime and Diem's assasination.The U.S. did not have a problem with Diem, the real problem was with Diem's brother Nhu.Nhu was responsible for many protests by Bhuddist monks where Mrs. Nhu would call the monks who set themselves on fire in protest ?barbecues.? The Kennedy administration had a lot to do with the overthrow of the regime although they did not have much to do with Diem's assasination. The Kennedy administration was the main influence in overthrowing the Diem regime.The State Department wanted to give Diem a chance to rid himself of Nhu and replace him with the best military and political personalities available. Ambassador Lodge said that the possibility of Diem meeting are demands are virtually nil. The only way to get rid of Nhu is to get rid of the entire Diem regime. In a cablegram from Ambassador Lodge to Secretary Rusk, Lodge said; ?We are launched on a course from which there is no turning back: the overthrow of the Diem government.? Lodge also stated that there is no turning back because the U.S. is publicly committed to the end of the Diem regime. In a cablegram transmitted from President Kennedy to Ambassador Lodge, Kennedy said that the U.S. should not actively help the coup, but be ready to make good relations with the group that overthrows the Diem regime. In a later cablegram from the whitehouse they said that the U.S. does not wish to leave an impression that they are opposed to a new regime. When the U.S. says this they are basically telling the coup that they are backing them. Because of the Kennedy administrations responsibility in the overthrow of the Diem regime it also leads to the eventual assasination of Diem.The U.S. was not as involved with his assasination as they were with the overthrow of Diem's regime. Diem was told by Ambassador Lodge that if he resigned, him and his brother would be allowed to leave the country safely. Diem, however, was not told by the U.S. that they sided with the coup. Diem believed he was doing the right thing and the U.S. was not opposed to him. If he had known that the U.S was against him he would have probably resigned, but he was denied that information from ambassador Lodge. History Reports

Analysis of Human Resource System at Riordan

Analysis of Human Resource System at Riordan Free Online Research Papers Riordan Manufacturing is a plastics manufacturing company with operations in the United States and in China. Riordan employs around 500 employees. Currently, the tracking of employees is done on different systems throughout the company. The tracking system is severely in need of automation and consolidation of employee information. To retain employee satisfaction and stay competitive with other companies, it is necessary for Riordan to update or implement a new system to be more effective. Right now the company’s human resources department does not meet these needs. The company’s HRIS system was installed in 1992. It is a part of the financial systems package and keeps track of the following employee information: Personal information (such as name, address, marital status, birth date, etc.) Pay rate Personal exemptions for tax purposes Hire date Seniority date (which is sometimes different than the hire date) Organizational information (department for budget purposes, manager’s name, etc.) Vacation hours (for non-exempt employees) Changes to this information are submitted in writing by the employee’s manager and are entered into the system by the payroll clerk. Training and development records are kept in an Excel worksheet by the training and development specialist. Each recruiter maintains applicant information for open positions. Rà ©sumà ©s are filed in a central storage area, and an Excel spreadsheet is used to track the status of applicants. Workers’ compensation is managed by a third-party provider, which keeps its own records. Employee files are kept by individual managers; there is no central employee file area. Managers are also responsible for tracking FMLA absences and any requests for accommodation under the ADA. The compensation manager keeps an Excel spreadsheet with the results of job analyses, salary surveys and individual compensation decisions. Employee relations specialists track information about complaints, grievances, harassment complaints, etc. in locked files in t heir offices (Riordan Human Resources, 2004). The scope of this project is either to handle all the above HR activities with a single, commercially-available application, develop an application that can handle those activities competently, or outsource the responsibilities. Whichever solution is chosen, the system requirements and functional requirements must also be met. After reviewing the annual employee satisfaction survey results job satisfaction has decreased significantly. Employees were also asked about the working conditions and I found from the survey the average for this was the employee agreed. Next, employees were asked about personal opportunity for transfer, promotions, job training and other opportunities at Riordan. This is another area where the employees score has gone down significantly. In the Cooperation area of the survey it questions the employees overall how they relate to other employees they work with. This has overall remained the same. Compensation and Benefits section of the survey has shown the most significant decline over the years. Employees are feeling they are underpaid for the work they do and would leave the company if a job opportunity arose paying 10% more they would leave Riordan. Employees are also feeling if they do a good job and work hard they will be reward fairly is not true. Communication in the company has basically remain the same, employees are overall agree with questions they were asked. Management satisfaction at Riordan has slightly decrease over the three years and over the last quarter complaints regarding unfair discipline and inadequate training are becoming increasingly high (Riordan Manufacturing, 2003/2004). As Yvonne McMillan stated in a memo to Dale Edgel, where she has put together a summary of employee grievances, they are seeing an increasing amount of complaints directly contributing to the employee satisfaction issues. Ms. McMillan also states supervisor training is needed as many of the issues seem to be directly related to supervisory misconduct (Yvonne McMillan, personal communication, May 1, 2004). Research Papers on Analysis of Human Resource System at RiordanMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Abstract Expressionism and Surrealism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abstract Expressionism and Surrealism - Essay Example The focus of the essay "Abstract Expressionism and Surrealism" is on abstract expressionism and surrealism styles. Surrealism in painting is shown by highly abstract image that is loosely painted or drawn that also involves improvisation. In Abstract Expressionism, attention is drawn to the surface qualities of the paintings such as the monumental canvas and the paint viscosity; improvisation is also involved. The Surrealists such as Max Ernst (1891-1976), Yves Tanguy (1900-1955), Joan Miro and Andre Masson (1896) had the liking for the Positivists who intended to define and categorize elements in a way that their truths looked verifiable. The Abstract Expressionists such as Willem De Kooning (1904-1997), Jackson Pollock (1912-1956), Barnett Newman (1905-1970), Franz Kline (1910-1962) and Philip Guston (1913-1980) on the other hand utilized the improvisatory technique that had similarities with the psychic automatism. The abstract expressionism is similar to the surrealism. There are key distinct and similar features between the two styles of art. The main similarity is that both of them are interested in the subconscious mind. In orientation surrealism is classical (poses the desire to develop and order that can be understood by a group) whereas abstract expressionism is romantic (distillation of truth perceived through the artist’s personal vision). Both abstract expressionism and surrealism seek to capture the sub conscious mind in their work. The surrealists highly honored the studio of the painters.

Intellectual Skills in Males and Females Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intellectual Skills in Males and Females - Essay Example Past and current research confirms that male and female intellectual skill differences are best explained and caused by socialization, not genetics. In fact, the intellectual and Behavioural differences between the genders are not instilled at birth but are the result of society's expectations (Bates, 2007). In spite of the behavioural differences between boys and girls in their childhood, the differences become starker as they grow older. The reason for this increase in intellectual difference is exaggerated intellectual bias by society and the gendered culture. It is also worth noting that children do not inherit intellectual differences; rather, they learn these differences from society, depending on what society, community or family expects children of each gender to do or to be. Consequently, male children are observed to develop spatial skills faster than girls do. This occurrence is not innate superiority by males but arises from expectations and encouragement by society (Niki ta et al., 2010). For instance, many communities encourage boys to be strong while girls are expected to be overtly emotional and talkative. Hence, girls acquire verbal skills because of emphasis by teachers and parents. Although neuroscientists concur that girls begin speaking at an earlier age than boys do, the gap is quite tiny at childhood, contrary to the notion adopted by supporters of gender-based intellectual differences, which exaggerates this intellectual skill difference across the sexes.

The Linguistics Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Linguistics Theory - Essay Example Words that relate just by meaning, form lexical relations, can take various forms: synonymy is when all the semantic components of the words are similar; antonyms are created when one component of the meanings differ, and hyponymy is the case of an extra component is added to differentiate one word from the other. The antonym is a lexical opposition. It was traditionally classified as a contrastive paradigmatic construction (meaning a complex lexical construction that unifies with other constructions, resulting in syntagmatic usage). Unlike other paradigmatic relations, antonymy is both a lexical and a semantic relationship. Unlike synonyms and hyponyms, antonyms can only exist in binary form. Some lexicologists use the term opposite to refer to the semantic relation and antonym specifically for opposites that are also lexically related. It is also thought that, unlike synonyms and hyponyms, the antonym can only be a contrast set of only two words. But, depending on the meaning, word s may have different antonyms. Besides the natural binarity of the antonym, there is also the possibility of a brighter spectrum of contrast. For instance, the antonym of happy would be: sad. But â€Å"angry† is also very different from happy and can easily be used to contradict it.Coordinated Antonymy, a discourse –functional category – it indicates exhaustiveness of the scale involved. It neutralizes the difference between normally opposed categories, by considering them and all the instances in between, as being true.

Imperialism and Turkeys Development

Imperialism and Turkeys Development The Post- Cold war era is considered to be a dramatic era for the western powers to regulate their economic forces and control what so ever left from Soviet Union. In the absence of the Soviet Union, other countries started to imitate the so-called western capitalist way of development. Eventually, the western influence over the third world countries increased, and through globalization and liberalism they intervened in their political and economical affairs. The westerners define globalization as a system that leads the nations to interact with each other and interchange the political, economical and cultural ideas. The Modern Globalization left no way for third world countries (periphery) to resist the entrance of first world countries (center) into their national affairs. The Modern Turkey is an example of developing countries. Since the last 20 years Turkey started to develop, they did that by installing a capitalist system in order to manage their economy. Turkey as a backward a gricultural country became a developing industrialized country and Turkish elites started to force the government to intervene with other countries to find markets. In this paper I will argue that Turkey is developing through Imperialism. I will try to support my argument by providing and stating Hobsons view on Imperialism. Three waves of Imperialism: The imperialist wave as the product of Capitalist Ideology went through two stages and the third stage is still going on nowadays. The first stage of imperialism started with the Spanish and the Portuguese attacks on the American continent. The first wave started with the Spaniards in the name of spreading Christianity and forcing others to convert to Christianity. Samir Amin one of the New Marxist theorists stated in his article about imperialism and globalization, For whereas the Catholic Spaniards acted in the name of the religion that had to be imposed on conquered peoples, the Anglo-Protestants took from their reading of the Bible the right to wipe out the infidels(Amin). The second wave of imperialism started with the so-called Industrial revolution. The industrial revolutions as it has been stated in the book of Civilization in The West was, The wave after wave of technological innovation, a constant tinkering and improving of the way in which things were made, which could hav e the simultaneous effects of cutting costs and improving quality(Kishlansky, Geary, Brien, 2008:626). This wave of imperialism manifested itself through the European conquest over the continents of Asia and Africa. The age of colonialism as the product of industrial revolution devastated the colonized countries and ruined their societies. During the second wave of imperialism, Britain was the first country who started to conquer countries and make its colonies. Britain First started with India in 1858(Diamond, p: 37). The third wave of Imperialism started with the collapse of the Soviet Union and expiration of nationalist movements in peripheral countries. New movement of the imperialist countries and on the top of them the United States has the same objectives that the two previous waves had. The first world countries are going to intervene in other countries economical and political affairs through the idea of providing democracy. Moreover, about the new wave of imperialism, Sami r Amin states, The objectives of dominant capital are still the same -the control of the expansion of markets, the looting of the earths natural resources, the super exploitation of the labor reserves in the periphery (Amin). What is Dependency Theory? However, there have been numerous explanations proposed regarding the situation on the contemporary world. Many intellectuals and philosophers have done some investigations to find the answer for the question, what the main cause could be that made the majority of the countries to be underdeveloped and a small portion of countries developed. After the WWII era a group of new Marxist thinkers developed a theory that later on came to be known as dependency theory. According to this theory, capitalism has divided and pierced the contemporary world for two groups, at the top we have the center, which consist of the developed countries and in the bottom we have the periphery, which consist of the underdeveloped countries (UDCs) or third world countries. There have been many definitions regarding dependency theory and all of them are hitting one point, which is division of the world for the center and the periphery. In his investigation about dependency theory, Vincent Ferraro a Ruth Lawso n Professor of Politics at Mount Holyoke College defined dependency as, A historical condition which shapes a certain structure of the world economy such that it favors some countries to the detriment of others and limits the development possibilities of the subordinate economicsa situation in which the economy of a certain group of countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of another economy, to which their own is subjected, (Ferraro, July 1996: 2). It could be argued that dependency theory appeared in the time when the western powers decided in 1947 to form an organization called the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which later became World Trade Organization (WTO). According to this agreement the members of this organization will reduce the tariffs on imported goods. In reality this organization formed to open the doors for developed countries to interfere into other countries economy. This organization was always criticized by economic thinkers for t he reason that sometimes the developed countries were violating the principles of the GATT and also because of prohibiting the goods from under developed countries to be imported into their countries, (Carbaugh, 2008: 211). Most Classical new Marxist theorists have asserted that unequal exchange has resulted in maintaining the situation of the world for developed countries and undeveloped countries. The dependency theorists have established their arguments based on three assumptions, first, International division of labor, and they believe that there are a number of different kind of states in the world and each of them perform a different function in the world economy. First of all, there are states that are in the center of the center and they are the richest and most powerful countries, such as United Sates, United Kingdom and Germany. Then, we have states in the periphery of the center. The third group, we have those in the center of periphery, and the last group and most undeve loped once are those whom considered to be the periphery of periphery. The dependency theorists argue that there is international division of labor between all these countries and they states that core countries are dominance of this international division of labor; and all other countries are working and serving their interests. A class distinction is the second assumption that has been made by dependency theorists. What they mean by that is that in all countries in the world whether its center or periphery there is a clear divides between the rich and the poor. The rich people who are considered to be political and economical elites all cooperate with one another in all different states to insure that they remain in power and that they increase their own wealth. They collaborate with each other to maintain the system (The international System) the way that it is. Global Capitalism is the third assumption that dependency theorists make. They believe that both international division s of labor and class distinction exist within a wider Global system and this wider global system is characterized as Global Capitalism. They believe that in this system Liberal economic theory dominates theories of trade and theories of finance that all serve the interests of core countries. They believe that capitalism is working in the interests of developed countries. So, as a result all the system, the international division of labor, the class distinctions and the global capitalism all serve the interests of the most powerful and rich countries. They do not serve the interests of developing countries and they do not promote equal opportunities for all countries around the world. Instead the system promotes dominance and exploitation. Therefore, in the perspective of dependency theorists the undeveloped states cannot develop within such a system, while the system is actually designed to prevent them from developing. (Brewer, 2001: 161) Many new Marxist theorists have written articles and books, and they differently hypothesized the reasons behind maintaining undeveloped countries to be undeveloped. First of all, Paul Baran is considered to be the first one who described the underdevelopment and dependency theory in third world countries. Baran argued that dual economies characterized the third world countries. He further argues that in third world countries they have a large portion of agricultural sector with low profit and a small portion of industrial sector with high profit. He believes that a small group of individuals controlled and dominated the market and prevented others to evolve, which finally led to unequal development. In contrast with Baran, Andre G. Frank identified the causes behind underdevelopment in third world countries in a different way. He traced back the problem for the idea of metropolis and satellites. Frank believed that metropolis countries did not cooperate with satellite countries in t he international market, but they always tried to use satellite states to serve their interests. Frank proposed the idea of de-linking to be the solution for satellite states in order to survive from the chains that caused by metropolis states (Keet). Jan Nederveen ,the professor of Global studies at university of California defined delinking in his article about Globalization or delinking;and said, Delinking is the refusal to submit to the demands of the world-wide law of value, or the supposed rationality of the system of world prices that embody the demands of reproductio of world capital. It, therefore, presupposes the societys capacity to define an alternative range of crieteria of rationality of internal economic options(Pieterse 239-242). The third theorist is John A. Hobson which his theory is going to be the main argument in this essay. Hobsons theory about Imperialist economy: One of the classical Marxist theorists, John A. Hobson has genuinely characterized the way that imperialist countries developed and resulted in maintaining others in backwardness. Hobson argues that imperialism is a product of capitalism. Capitalism and its profits create over-production, which leads to concentration in industries. The over-production leads the industries to ask for national force to secure new markets for them, as it has been stated by Hobson the way that entrepreneurs ask the Government, We must have markets for our growing markets manufactures, and we must have new outlets for the investment of our surplus and for the energies of the adventurous surplus of our population(Hobson, part I: VI .2). Through industrialization the capitalist states could produce more and more and the entrepreneurs asked the state to find and secure new markets for them. The new Marxist theorists have genuinely predicted the way that capitalism pushes the state forces to navigate for new markets. For Hobson, there is only a given quantity of trade, and when a nation gets some portion of it the other nation will lose some. Hobson tries to say that the idea of trading internationally is something meaningless for undeveloped nations. International trade works on behalf of advanced nations who have great industrial power and other undeveloped nations will shrink. Hobsons great discussion concentrates on Britain. He further discusses the way that Britain turned to expand and became imperialist. Hobson believes that before other nations develop, Britain was the only economic power in the world and all other countries had to depend on them. When new rivals such as, U.S.A, Germany, and Belgium appeared, Britain had to regulate its business territories in order to remain the only economic power in the world. The domestic entrepreneurs asked the government to use forces in order to find new markets for their over produced goods. They believed if Britain does not use force to find new markets then they should leave the world development for other rivals. It has been stated by Hobson that the imperialism for Britain was necessary not just a choice. Hobson believed that the industrial revolution and the machinery evolution made the industries to fall in conflict with each other. The large industries with high capitals started to kick out the weak industries from the market by reducing the price of their goods, so Hobson stated, In the free competition of manufactures preceding combination the chronic condition is one of over-production, in the sense that all mills or factories can only kept at work by cutting prices down towards a point where the weaker competitors are forced to close down, because they cannot sell their goods at a price which covers the true cost of production, (Hobson, part I:VI 8). He further argues that the large industries came to an agreement to fix the domestic prices and monopolized the market together. When the over production of combined industries such as those in the United States exceeded the demand of home market then they began to look for foreign markets to sell their goods. Hobson dedicated some parts of his theory to stick on with the situation of the United States. He described the United States as an Imperialist who first started with conquering the lands of its neighbors such as the Mexicans then they borrowed the capital from Britain and developed their railroads, mines and manufactures. After they build their own industries, They employed their savings in seeking investments outside their country, and afterwards they made themselves a creditor class to foreign countries(Hobson, part I: VI 10). Imperialism and the rise of Turkey: After WWI, the Ottoman Empire fell apart and the allies in 1918 started to occupy Turkey. The young Turks under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk started to resist strongly. With the help of Soviet Union the Turks could fight the Allies power for five years. In 1923 the Sultans collapsed and this event gave a birth to a new Turkish republic under an absolute leader Mustafa Kemal Attaturk. Turkey became a nationalist state. By passing the time, Turkey could rearrange itself through being neutral with all world powers. The Turkish neutrality extended up to post WWII era. When WWII ended and the world divided to two poles, the western pole, which was the United States and its allies, and the eastern pole, which was the Soviet Union. The challenges that were made by Soviet Union on the north eastern border of Turkey made the Turkish government to redefine its foreign policies and broke its silence, Bill Park the author of Modern Turkey book states, The Cold War had brought Turkey f rom a position of neutrality into an unequal alliance with Washington, but it had won few other friends, and in some quarters was regarded with considerable suspicion, (Park, 2012:39). The western powers soon realized about the geographical importance of Turkey to be used against Soviet Union. Ankara realized that it is in their best interest to cooperate with the western powers and became a member of NATO. The first Turkish cooperation with NATO started in 1950 with the Korean War, they send 5,000 Turkish troops to fight aside with the United Nations forces, (Park, 2012:37). It could be argued that the Turkish- Western Relationships was a dual relationship for the reason that both sides wanted to get something. The western powers wanted to guarantee the containment of the soviet expansion in the east through their Turkish ally, and Turkey wanted to achieve some relations with the NATO members, especially those in the European continent in order to rebuild its economic bases through peaceful relationships. Furthermore, Turkey did not only stop by building relations with western powers, but they also aimed to play a greater role in the political field and they started to build some relations with Soviet Union, as one Turkish commentator put it, from one sidedness to many sidedness, means that turkey wanted to use the cold war between United States and Soviet Union for its own interest (Park, 2012:41). It could be argued that Hobsons explanations about the rise of American imperialism is to some extends convenient with the Turkish rise. Although, Turkey didnt start by conquering other countries, but like United States they used other countries to rebuild their country. Until late 1980s turkey was borrowing huge amount of money from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and in return Turkey was going to follow whatever the international community imposed on him. In addition to its support, the IMF imposed some rules over the Turkish government which later on came to be known as IMF package. IMF asked for several things such as, Import liberalization, changes in the export regime, removal of price controls, increase in the prices of state economic enterprises, and consolidation and rescheduling of the external debt, (Owen and Pamuk, 1998: 109). Turkish economy from semi Dependent to totally Independent: Before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire up to the years preceding 1980s Turkey was a backward agricultural state. Although, the state was borrowing huge amount of money from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund but the direct involvement of the state into economic sector did not let the country to be stabilized. Since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire up to 1980 Turkey went through three military coups (Diamond, p: 261). The last military intervention gave a birth to a reformist, Prime Minister Turgut Ozal who could open Turkish economy and cooperate with the international market. Ozals reforms reduced the state intervention in the market. By mid 1980s Turkey increased its exports. The Ozals reforms ended the Autarkic economic system that had nailed down its roots during Kemalism and the Nationalism era. The Autarkic economic system was considered to be the factor that made Turkey to be one of the most dependant countries in the world. Bill Park in his book the Moder n Turkey described the effects of Ozals reform and said, The wave of industrialization based on the emergence of the export- oriented Anatolian tigers from the Ozal period onwards has also helped diversity Turkish relations towards Middle Eastern, central Asian, other former Soviet state, and African markets, (Park, 2012:77). Those reforms made Turkey to be ready for expansion and increase its influences over neighboring countries in both Asia and Europe. It could be argued that the real Turkish imperialism started with AKP. AKP is Turkish party formed in 2001 who could win the elections in 2002 by winning 363 seats out of 550 seats. The AKP supported the Turkish bureaucrats to invest outside the country. The last two decades of instability in countries bordering with Turkey resulted in creating a good position for Turkey to appear as leading country in the region. The development of industrial sector led Turkey to have over production, which could not be consumed in the home market , so Turkey needs the foreign market to buy its over produced goods. Nowadays, countries that are bordering with Turkey such as, Bulgaria, Greece, and northern part of Iraq (KRG) are willing to have Turkish investors to invest within their countries. According to an article written by Ercan Baysal and published by Today Zaman, Turkish neighbors are willing to allocate land for Turkish investors and firm owners to invest in their countries and hire their local workers in their respective countries (Baysal, 2013). However, Turkey is producing and manufacturing huge amounts of goods, but they cannot be consumed in domestic because like any other capitalist countries the Turkish society has class distinction. The huge areas of south and eastern Anatolia are still making their living based on agriculture while the other parts of western Anatolia are highly industrialized. Hobson states about the capitalist countries who have class distinctions, Over-production in the sense of an excessiv e manufacturing plant, and surplus capital which cannot find sound investments within the country, force Great Britain, Germany, Holland, France to place larger and larger portions of their economic resources outside the area of their present political domain, and the stimulate a policy of political expansion so as to take in the new areas, (Hobson, part I: VI 15). Recently, with Europe in the ground of crisis and the Arab countries who are facing political upheavals, Turkey started to have great role over the rapid changes in the region. Through its economic power, Turkey started to impose its political influence over the countries in the Middle East. During the last two years, when the Arab revolutions started, Turkey appeared as an active power that supposed to have a leading role in solving the problems especially in Syria. However, Turkey has declared a strategy of Zero problem policy with its neighbors, which means standing business deals, and establishing free trade zone. It has been argued by some intellectuals that Turkey cannot maintain its neutrality among those problems that are going on in its neighboring countries, as Richard Falk, an American professor emeritus of international law at Princeton University states in his article about Turkeys Foreign Policy, In Syria and Libya the Turkish government was forced to choose between si ding with a regime slaughtering its own people and backing a disorganized opposition in its heroic if clouded efforts to democratize and humanize the governing process, (Falk, 2012). At the time when the crisis began in Syria, Turkey started to have a direct involvement in order to solve the crisis. The Turkish government suggested several ways to solve the Syrian problems but the Assads regime rejected. Several months later, Turkey started to ask basher Al-Asad to leave power, (Casilon). Overall, the dependency theorists have asserted that capitalist system did not exist to help poor countries to evolve. It is obvious that states in the center are going to use capitalism and democracy to intervene in other countries economical and political affairs. Even though, within the metropolis states there is a class distinction, which resulted in dividing the society between rich and poor. The rich people in both center and periphery are cooperating with each other in order to maintain the system to work in their interest. Hobsons theory asserts that industrialized countries are going to have overproduction, which cannot be consumed at home, so the state is going to be forced by entrepreneurs to find new markets for over-produced goods. Turkey, a new industrialized country is an example of imperialist countries in 21st century. Turkey through its great economic position started to involve in its neighbors political and economical affairs. Turkish society like other capitalist societies divided in two groups, rich and poor. Turkey needs new markets to sell its over-produced goods and for this purpose they want to use the current crisis in Europe and the Middle East to help them intervene in other countries domestic issues. Work Cited Amin , Samir. Imperialism and Globalization. Monthly Review. N.p., n.d. Web. Feb 3rd, 2013. . Baysal, Ercan. Neighbors seek Turkish investments to stem joblessness. TODAYS ZAMAN. (2013)Web.9 Feb. 2013. . Brewer, Anthony. Marxist Theories Of Imprialism, A critical Survey. 2nd Edition. Routledge, 1990. eBook. Carbaugh, Robert. Global Economics. 13th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2008. 211-212. Print. Cecillon, Julien. Turkey and the struggle for Syria: time for accountability. Near East Quarterly. (2012): n. page. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. . Diamond, Larry. Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries. United States of America: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993. 261-264. Print. Falk, Richard. Turkeys Foreign Policy: Zero Problems with Neighbors Revisited . Foreign Policy Journal. (2012): n. page. Web. 9 Feb. 2013.

Racism: Lessons Learned Essay -- essays research papers

Many things have been shared in this classroom environment. Issues have been studied that have caught the attention of the class and made them consider things that perhaps were not contemplated before. Over the past semester, one series of lessons have stood out to me more than any other. That particular set of lessons revolved around the issue of racism. Racism has taken on a new comprehension within my thoughts and mind over the course of this semester. I had always considered racism a baneful idea and an even more wicked practice. We defined it as a prejudice based upon the color of one’s skin or race. Although laws have outlawed the practice of segregation and racism, we have seen as a class that it is still practiced within a country that declares it to be illegal. We have learned ...

Information System in Recruitment

Information Systems in Recruitment Summary: Several researches and studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of technology in the recruitment process. This project explains what recruitment is, the growth of recruitment from how it was two decades ago to using technology today. The work done in this paper identifies the advantages and disadvantages of e-recruitment and discusses e-strategies to overcome the disadvantages. The adoption of these e-strategies helps advantages of internet recruitment outweigh the disadvantages.The conclusion reached in this work is based on several assumptions which might have caused the results to vary from the actual results of detailed works done in this field before. Index Terms: Technology in recruitment, e-recruitment, advantages of e-recruitment, disadvantages of e-recruitment, Internet recruitment. Introduction Information System can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store and dis tribute information to support decision making and control in the organization (Laudon & Laudon, 2000,Pg 7).The transformation of our society from preindustrial to Industrial and from Industrial to a post industrial society (Fitzsimmons & Fitzsimmons, 2008, Pg 7) has given way to globalization, where information is the key resource. The growth of internet and the globalization of industries have changed the traditional operation methods in all areas of business and management including Strategic planning. The Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is a software or online solution for the data entry, data tracking, and data information needs of the Human Resources, payroll, 2 E-Recruitment anagement, and accounting functions within a business (Heathfield, 2010). Konrad & Deckop (2001) explain that â€Å"instead of shuffling paper work and fielding phone calls, HR managers use the Internet to obtain information and communicate with others, affecting virtually every HR function. HR database management systems maintain organizationally relevant information about employees. Developments in computer hardware and software have not only made possible user-friendly access to employee information, but also the ability to analyze this information for purposes of organizational planning. Information systems is applied by major companies for notable components of Human Resource Management (HRM) that include HR Planning, Recruitment, Selection, Training, career development, employment relationship management and compensation and benefits management. DeSanctis (1986) explains that information systems in personnel have evolved from the automated employee recordkeeping of the 1960s into complex reporting and decision systems to- day. The Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) is designed to support the planning, administration, decision making and control activities of the human resource management (DeSanctis, 1986).The purpose of this article is to focus on the advantag es and disadvantages of technology in recruitment process and determine if advantages outweigh disadvantages or viceversa. Evolution of Recruitment Recruitment is the process of identifying potential candidates so that employers can choose the right person for the right job. Dale S Beach observed â€Å"Recruitment as the development and maintenance of adequate manpower resources. It involves the creation of a pool of available labor upon whom the organization can draw when it needs additional employees† (Seetharaman 3 E-Recruitment Prasad, 2009). Recruitment also goes hand in hand with the selection process whereby organizations evaluate the suitability of candidates for various jobs (Singh & Finn, 2003). Hence recruitment is said to be a positive process as it involves attracting suitable candidates for available jobs. Selection is said to be a negative process as it involves rejecting a large number of applicants to identify a few that are suitable for the job. As a filteri ng mechanism in the selection process, the recruitment function is one of the most important areas of human resource management (Singh & Finn, 2003).The recruitment process begins with human resource planning where a company identifies the right number of people needed to perform the job. Khanna & New (2005) explain that† HR planners can influence the HR planning process so that resource decisions are made with due thought and the organization does not hurt itself by either undercutting its talent pool or retaining excess flab. HR planners should take this mission seriously if they want to have any control over the changing face of the organization of the future†.Hence HR planning is an important activity as it involves forecasts of the manpower needs in a future time period so that adequate and timely provisions may be made to meet the needs (Seetharaman & Prasad, 2009). The process of human resource planning usually involves forecasting labor demand and labor supply an d performing a gap analysis. Once when a vacancy is identified, the recruiter receives an authorization to fill it. A job analysis is done to identify the critical knowledge, ability, skills, and other competencies (KASOC) required for performing the job.There are two sources of recruitment – Internal and External. â€Å"In earlier days, for external recruitment, recruiters used low tech methods like advertisements in newspapers, magazines and journals, radio, Employment agencies, campus visits, etc in search of potential candidates. Internally, one of the most common methods, 4 E-Recruitment especially in unionized organizations, involved posting vacancies within the organization and encouraging bids from current employees† (Singh & Finn, 2003).Singh & Finn (2003) explain that many organizations began to use innovative information technology methods to complement traditional sources. Companies use internet medium to attract potential pool of applicants as it has a glo bal reach and relatively inexpensive to the low tech sources available. In a survey by SHRM and AON Consulting, human resource professionals considered employee referrals as a good source of job applicants and it was their top choice (Click, 1997).Another recent survey suggested that over 80 percent of organizations use the web to recruit (Bernardin, 2009). Employee referrals Newspaper ads Recruiting firms College recruitment Temporary help firms Job fairs Internet Targeted minority recruiting Walk-ins Government employment services. 61% 60% 58% 52% 46% 32% 20% 18% 18% 10% Source: Click, Jennifer. Blend established practices with new technologies. Business Source Premier. HR Magazine; Nov97, Vol. 42 Issue 11, p59. 5 E-RecruitmentComponents of E-Recruitment Thomas & Ray (2000) identify general job sites, specialized job sites, company website chat rooms and news group as the four major components of web recruitment. Though each of these components have their own advantages and disadv antages, Thomas & Ray (2000) explain that company website is the best e recruiting tool as it has a low marginal cost, the company has e-recruiting control over its content, and it is the only e recruiting tool with the potential to provide a e-recruiting prov competitive advantage specific to a particular firm. 6 E-RecruitmentImportance of information in advertisements Several researchers have suggested that the advertisements viewed by job seekers as they gather organizational information play an important role in initial organizational perceptions (Walker, Field, Giles & Bernerth, 2008). Hence, to attract talented people, advertisements placed by companies must be attractive. Potential applicants look out for advertisements to gather important information about the recruiting company. The specificity of communicated information provided in job advertisements has found to influence application decisions (Walker, Field, Giles & Bernerth, 2008).Researches focused on the aesthetic pr operties associated with recruitment messages that concentrated on web based recruitment. The results of these surveys concluded that job advertisement characteristics such as font, pictures, color, content and design influence job seeker attitudes and the cognitive processing of recruitment information (Walker, Field, Giles & Bernerth, 2008). Advantages / Disadvantages of Information Systems in Recruitment The following are the advantages and disadvantages of recruitment using Information systems. (whatjobsite. com, 2009 & ezinearticles. com, 2010). 7 E-Recruitment AdvantagesSource: Kay, Alan S. , (2000, March). Recruiters embrace the Internet. InformationWeek,(778), 72-80. †¢ Inexpensive Employers are finding ways to reduce their recruitment costs in the wake of economic downturn, according to a survey by Personnel Today’s sister organization, Pay Specialist IRS (Williams, 2009). More specifically, the results of the survey of 143 employers found that employers were ty pically reviewing four main areas of recruitment procedures in an attempt to reduce recruitment costs. They are use of advertising, deciding whether or not to fill certain vacancies, the cost of agency fees and candidate E-Recruitment selection procedures. It was identified that finding alternatives to recruitment advertising received the most attention. The survey also identified that shifting recruitment away from employment agencies towards online recruitment ranked third in the most effective ways of reducing recruitment costs. Many researches show that advertising costs are lower than traditional recruitment methods. The results of these surveys are discussed below: †¢ Kuhn (2003) explains that â€Å"for posting a typical career ad on an internet job board for several weeks cost firms a few hundred dollars.Some sites offer unlimited posting to client firms for about $15,000 a year which is contrast to news paper advertisements that costs to $2000 per day. A quarter page a dvertisements can cost $15000 in many markets†. †¢ Superdrug, a UK based health and beauty retailer, employed e-mail based recruitment system and explains that the recruitment process has become quicker, more efficient, and 87% cheaper (Pollitt, 2007). †¢ In one study, the average cost per hire via Web ads was reported to be about $152, compared with $1,383 using traditional methods.Another survey identified that in traditional advertising cost-per-hire was $3,295 compared to the Internet cost per hire of about $377. In other instances, many job-posting sites charge $100 or less for a single job posting, thus saving a recruiter as much as $6,000 in recruitment costs for each position filled (Singh & Finn, 2003). †¢ On another study conducted by Verhoeven & Williams (2008) note that the relative costs of Internet recruitment are perceived to be lower in comparison with non-electronic recruitment sources. 9 E-Recruitment †¢No Intermediaries Recruitment interm ediaries are employment organizations that operate as middlemen between organizations and potential employees. According to Wolfe & Hartley (2005) Recruitment intermediaries typically operate in one or more of three ways: 1. Finding specific skills in specific sectors 2. Providing workers of all kinds in a specific locality 3. Specialist ‘headhunting’ or search agencies. â€Å"The development of web-based recruitment led business organizations to use corporate internet which reduced the market for recruitment intermediaries.With the advancement in technology, companies can develop their own websites with a separate section for employment opportunities† (Wolfe & Hartley, 2005). Candidates can go to the company website, create a profile to view the job openings available and apply for specific vacancies. Companies maintain each candidates profile, send e-mail to candidates if their profile matches any vacancy. It is the duty of the candidate to visit the corporate website regularly and update their profile information. This direct contact between the company and the candidate eliminates the need for intermediaries.Thomas & Ray (2000) explain that the need for employment agencies is reduced by establishing a database pool of potential employees, thus saving 20 to 30 percent of the hired employees’ base year salaries. Moreover, potential applicants may feel insecure to send personal information to recruitment agencies. While a few commercial sites protect applicant privacy, company databases make it a point to maintain confidentiality, and company provided privacy statements restrict resume submissions to internal use (Thomas & Ray, 2000). 10 E-RecruitmentWhile using corporate websites for recruitment purposes, companies don’t have the need to approach independent recruitment agencies and thereby reduce the involvement of intermediaries in the recruitment process. By eliminating intermediaries, companies have the advantage of dire ctly contacting potential employees and employees too feel confident about the information they obtain for their employment. This also acts as a cost-saving technique for companies and a security tool for potential employees as company websites are more secure. Reduction of hiring time Once when companies post a vacancy on the internet, either by using intermediaries like recruitment agencies or by using corporate websites, applications will be received as fast as possible which enables employers to process them faster. One website notes that â€Å"a job vacancy can be put on a job site in the morning, the first applications arrive by lunchtime, and a candidate interviewed by the end of the day. Of course, it isn't always like this. It isn't even often like this. But the fact that such things do happen so quickly gives an indication of just how quick recruiting online can be† (whatjobsite. om, 2010). Many researches show that recruiting online is quicker. Verhoeven & Williams (2008) identifies that the Internet has led to a quicker turn-around time of the recruitment process and is one of the most widely perceived advantages. Lorraine Crawford, head of resourcing at Lloyds TSB believes that advertising online results in a higher speed of response (Berry, 2004). Haroon & Zia-ur-Rehman (2010) also note that e-recruitment is going to replace the other traditional sources of recruitment because of low cost, time saving, quick response for both employers and job seekers. 11 E-RecruitmentOne website (ehow. com) mentions easier and quicker recruitment as one of the distinct advantages. Candidates don’t have to resumes in a piece of paper, take a note of the company’s address from newspapers, go to the post office to mail their resume’ and cover letter and wait for a week to hear back from the employer. All this can be done with the click of a button and received by the recruiters instantly. This makes the process simpler and quicker. †¢ Improved efficiency The above mentioned advantages of online recruitment like low cost, eliminating intermediaries and reduction in hiring time roves the efficiency of internet recruitment. For example, as noted in Free Press Release (2009) â€Å"Today’s global economy has demanded for more advanced technology which resulted in recruitment automation software that makes the process of recruitment easy, simple and effective for an organization†. These advancements in technology show the efficiency of internet recruitment which also eliminates the drawbacks of traditional recruiting methods. Beakware, an India based IT Company provides software solutions for clients all over the world, is an expert with HR technology and develops intelligent HR software solutions (beakware. om, 2010). Beakware explains that on the whole e-recruiting is considered to be one of the most efficient tools of human capital acquisition and management (Beakware. com, 2010). The above referenc es mentions efficiency in time and cost. E-recruitment also improves a company’s Return on Investment. â€Å"Organizations’ strong impact on Return on Investment (ROI) and company's success in the marketplace have placed significant emphasis on effective recruitment strategies from individual, organizational and societal 12 E-Recruitment erspectives that lead to increased ROI and economic viability of the organization† (Sangeetha, 2010). The modern recruitment source is widely used since the mid -1980s and got systemized in 1990 and also that it carves a competitive advantage for the company in establishing an 'employer of choice' image, to address a niche employee zone, and passive job searchers† (Sangeetha, 2010). In addition to this, Feldman ; Klass (2002) explain that the expenditures on news paper advertisements and headhunter retainer fees have dropped 20% as internet advertising revenues increased.On these bases it is clearly understood that many co mpanies choose internet recruitment as one of the effective recruitment strategies which will lead to increased ROI. IT also helps companies to retain employees for a longer period of time. Using IT. com's data bank, State Street was able to make a better assessment of desirable employees’ qualities, thus able to retain people longer und saving the company between $2 and $5 million with this service (Singh & Finn, 2003) Another research by Feldman & Klass (2002) argues that as job hunting is significantly related to job issatisfaction, dissatisfied employees might not seek employment elsewhere because they do not have the time or resources to search for another job. Hence Internet allows individuals to gain quick and easy access to information on a wide range of job possibilities twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, thereby resolving potential conflicts between employees’ current job possibilities and the time demands associated with active job hunting (Feldman & Klass, 2002). Darlene Chapin, Recruiting director for Cheetah Technologies in Florida, claims Internet recruiting for programmers has made the process much more efficient (Bernardin, 2009). 3 E-Recruitment All these researches clearly show the improved efficiency in various aspects of recruitment to employers and employees when using online recruitment services compared to traditional methods. †¢ Round the clock access In earlier days potential employees need to wait for mornings to look at the classified section of news paper to get information on job vacancies. Online Recruitment provides round the clock access to employers and employees. Employees can access to wide number of job openings and employers have the advantage of accessing to large number of applicant resumes’ anywhere and anytime.Internet recruiting also proves advantageous to recruitment consultants by giving them access to work from home. â€Å"A web-based recruitment system is making home working a r eality for consultants at specialist recruitment agency. Managing director Craig Burton told Recruiter that â€Å"using eploy's recruitment software they have 24-hour access to the system from any fixed or mobile device and are distributing job alerts and CVs to potential candidates â€Å"at a moment's notice. All information can be traced and tracked, making candidate management straightforward and responsive†Ã¢â‚¬  (Anonymous, 2009).Delaware department of labor explains the advantages of internet recruiting – that internet job description has immediate access, changes can be done immediately and can be accessed 24 hours a day, 365 days per year (Delaware Job Link, 2009). In addition to these researches, some websites also support the view of round the clock access to online resumes. Rao (2009) explains that online recruitment allows applicants the luxury of accessing jobs online at their own convenience 24 hours 7 days a week.It provides the comfort of scrutinizing jobs without physically going through the 14 E-Recruitment stress of an interview (igi-global. com). Another website notes that organizations have the ability to reach a much larger target audience as there will be 24 hour global access to their vacancy information (citehr. com, 2010). Last, but not the least, Agarwal (2004) explains that â€Å"For employers, online recruiting allows far better targeting of candidates than does advertising in general newspapers, resulting in a greater percentage of qualified applicants.In addition, because 24/7 online job hunting is private and convenient, a company's Internet presence is more likely to draw in â€Å"passive job seekers† – high-quality candidates who may be curious to know what's out there but who have not launched allout campaigns† (webpronews. com). †¢ Convenience Internet recruitment offers convenience to both employers and employees. Prospective employees don’t need to search for jobs in classif ieds section of newspapers, post them to prospective employers using snail mail. They have the convenience of sitting at home on a Sunday morning and apply for â€Å"n† number of jobs with just a click.Employers on the other hand, need to post job vacancies either in their company website or line up with online recruitment agencies like monster. com to inform about a vacancy. Internet recruitment offers convenience in the restaurant business as well. Jackson (2010) explains that â€Å"There are many job websites which cater specifically to the restaurant industry. Employees can sign in with these websites for free and expose themselves to thousands of restaurant openings at the same time. Moreover, it saves them valuable time and the headache of applying and filling out forms at various restaurants.Job providers too do not need to advertise and go through a lot of paperwork for hiring a trained staff. They can get associated with these websites and scan through a well struct ured list of 15 E-Recruitment candidates matching the skills and qualifications they are looking for. All this is accomplished in just a click† (articlebase. com). †¢ Global access One of the major disadvantages of traditional sources of recruitment is its limitation to attract applicants from different cities. If potential employees are looking for jobs only in one city, then traditional sources may be very helpful.But with Globalization and with the increase of employers seeking for multicultural talent has forced employers to use internet for recruitment purposes. The internet has been widely accessed by all potential employees universally, giving them access to a broader number of jobs. Employers can view resumes’ of South African applicants in London and hire them for an American company. Technology has become more and more advanced providing such advantages for employers and employees who strive to reach heights. â€Å"Internet searching is much more efficie nt when looking for jobs region-wide, nation-wide or globally.Similarly, when individuals are willing to consider jobs in a number of functional areas and in a wide spectrum of firms differing in industry and size, Internet job hunting is likely to be perceived as a more time-efficient search strategy. Online recruiting can reach a more diverse applicant pool and, at the same time, yield a higher quality set of candidates† (Feldman ; Klass, 2002). Uzelac (2008) supports this view by explaining that â€Å"recruitment agencies are moving towards sourcing candidates through internet job boards enabling recruitment activity to occur in real time.The ability to recruit internationally has been a huge development and boon for organizations using these services (jobseekersadvice. com). 16 E-Recruitment Disadvantages †¢ Screening large number of unqualified applicants is time consuming One of the advantages of online recruitment is receiving large number of applications giving e mployers the opportunity to choose from a wide range of candidates. But recruiters feel that receiving large number of applications has become a disadvantage because screening those applications is time consuming and most applications do not meet the minimum qualifications required for the job.Research carried out by the IRS Employment review found that although the online recruitment market is booming, most employers are unhappy at the amount of unsuitable applications they receive (Savvas, 2004). More than 60% of the 200 organizations told IRS that they received inappropriate responses from the adverts they placed (Savvas, 2004). IRS also found that the ease of applying for jobs online may lead to more unsuitable applications being received, which have to be screened out, cancelling out some of the savings the channel offered (Savvas, 2004).Another conducted by Verhoeven ; Williams (2008) concludes that Internet recruitment has the ability to draw applicants from a greater geograp hic area but that this results in a pool of applicants which has a higher level of unqualified applicants in comparison with non-electronic sources. Thomas ; Ray (2002) also note about the commercial websites generating large volumes of applicants. Some HR professionals claim that blindly searching the internet for resumes is inefficient, and anything other than company based posting is time consuming and expensive (Thomas ; Ray, 2002).Recent research conducted by Europe’s largest HR development professional body – The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) highlights that e-recruitment 17 E-Recruitment could increase the number of unsuitable applicants and act as a barrier to recruiting older workers (cipd. co. uk, 2009). †¢ Lack of access Although internet recruitment offers greater access to applicants worldwide, it limits only to people who are comfortable using technology and thereby is a hindrance for companies to reach a more diverse set of candidates.Most of the rural areas do not have access to technology limiting access to people living in such remote geographical locations. â€Å"One study citing Census Bureau data indicate that rural black households have the lowest computer ownership of any group (6. 4 percent), followed by Hispanics (12 percent) and Native Americans (15. 3 percent), with rural whites (24. 6 percent) and Asians (33. 7 percent) having the highest ownership rates† (Singh ; Finn, 2003). This data is a proof that minority groups do not have access to internet.According to the Pew Internet ; American Life Project, â€Å"58% of whites have access to the Internet whereas only 43% of African Americans and 50% of Hispanics have Internet access† (Bernardin, 2007). In addition to internet recruitment lacking access to minority groups, internet recruitment also has legal implications. â€Å"In Griggs v. Duke Power Co. , (1971) the plaintiff showed that the educational requirements disqualifie d African-Americans at a significantly higher rate than whites, and in another lawsuit filed by employees against Walt Disney Co. in Los Angeles, it is alleged, â€Å"since the Resumix (Resume Tracking Software) is based on majority white culture, it discriminates against African-Americans seeking employment or promotions† (Singh ; Finn, 2003). However Christopher F. Ball, corporate counsel at Restrac says, â€Å"I don't think discrimination is part and parcel of using technology. I think it's much more related to internal hiring practices. If a company 18 E-Recruitment is going to use discriminatory search methods, they're going to do it whether they're using an automated staffing technology or old paper-and-pencil filing tactics.These new recruiting technologies don't dictate or modify the way employers use criteria to search for candidates† (Click, 1997). Like Ball mentioned, discriminatory practices may be adopted by companies even by using traditional methods if t hey intend to do so. They don’t necessarily have to use recruiting technologies for this purpose. Based on this logic, I think discrimination using technology can be eliminated. Hence, lack of access to technology is the only disadvantage among minority groups.Strategies to overcome disadvantages – Presenting e-strategies Screening applications is time consuming – Presenting Preliminary Competency Screening Many companies claim that screening large volume of applications is time consuming and costly. Progressions in Information and Technology have found new ways to deal with such problems. â€Å"Organizations might request applicants to provide online biographical information often used to predict employee performance, including educational attainment and relevant job experience. This information may be used to assess the likelihood of an applicant performing a job at a satisfactory level.For the recruitment personnel, these new procedures may save time and mon ey† (Singh & Finn, 2003). Bernardin (2007, Pg 152) explains that the above mentioned format allows for an automatic scoring of information, known as â€Å"Artificial Intelligence† approach that allows for greater control over information gathering and storage and has the potential for better decision making. I think, instead of just obtaining biographical information, companies can prepare closed questionnaire and conduct a Preliminary Competency Screening (PCS) that measures the critical skills, abilities, knowledge and other competencies required to 9 E-Recruitment perform the job. The employer must also set a time limit within which the candidate needs to answer those questions to prevent low-skilled candidates from deceiving. When the candidate passes this test, biographical information and resume can be obtained for further processing. The results of this interview can be made available to the candidates as soon as they finish the interview to let them know if they have the expected level of knowledge to perform the job.If they don’t pass the preliminary round, they may be encouraged to create a profile and update their resume to inform about a future vacancy that matches their profile. While this method makes the screening process quicker and eliminates unqualified applicants efficiently, it may also reduce the negative perceptions of some minority groups about employer discrimination as biographical information are obtained only after the candidate is selected. Lack of Access – Advertising in Socializing websites One of the disadvantages of internet recruitment to minority groups is their access to internet.Many reports show an increased use of internet usage among African Americans and Hispanics. In December 1998, 64% of unemployed blacks with home internet access searched for jobs on line, compared to 48% of whites in the same situation (Kuhn, 2003). This reveals the growing trend in minority workers who use the internet as a job search tool. Limited access to some minority groups has been a disadvantage but recent studies also show the yearly internet adoption rate is growing rapidly in African American and Hispanic households (Bernardin, 2007, Pg 148).In 2000, of those seeking work, 40% of Hispanics, 36% of Whites, and 50% of African Americans surveyed said they had used to the Internet to look for information about a job (Bernardin, 2007). 20 E-Recruitment â€Å"According to Horowitz Associates, a consumer and business-to-business market research group, about 70% of Hispanic households have an Internet connection, and the Pew Research Center estimates that 56% of Hispanic households are using high-speed broadband connections. Marketer also finds that Hispanics are using the Internet for interactive purposes, with 46% using instant messages, 32% visiting social networking sites and 22% participating in chat rooms. The percentage of African Americans who use the Internet increased to 64% in December 2008, up from 56% in December 2007. Like Hispanics, African Americans are also using the Internet to connect with others. (NAS, 2009). Source: NAS, 2009. 21 E-Recruitment The growing number of job search websites for minorities is another proof showing their increased internet usage.A recent study by Wernau (2010) show that minority websites like iHispano have job listings from Fortune 500 companies because many companies believe that enhancing diversity promotes employee retention, performance and commitment. Although the success of minority websites shows a growing trend, companies must take advantage of the reason why African Americans and Hispanics use internet. I think, what is lacking here is the low awareness of multi-national company listings in minority websites.Companies must advertise in socializing websites like Facebook and twitter to inform potential recruits about their vacancy listings on minority websites like iHispano. They must encourage minority candidates to use internet to apply for jobs. This enables them to reach a large number of African Americans and Hispanics. Conclusion It is obvious that technology has changed the recruitment process from the way it was two decades ago. Many companies are listing their job openings either on their own corporate websites or in third party website like Monstor. com.Fortune 500 companies are trying to list jobs on minority websites to attract diverse candidates. Those companies that do not employ technology to assist in recruitment are at a competitive disadvantage compared to their peers (Searle, 2006). Raymond Pennie, commercial director at Kamanchi, says he used to believe that recruiters couldn't get a commercial advantage from technology but now firmly believes that you can have a â€Å"positive disadvantage† if you haven't got the right technology (Anonymous, 2010). Based on the several researches presented in this paper, it is clear that there is an increased use of internet for recruitm ent purposes.E recruitment has both advantages and disadvantages. The disadvantages presented in several other discussions and this paper can be overcome by 22 E-Recruitment employing e-strategies like preliminary competency screening and e-marketing strategies discussed in the previous sections. Hence, internet recruitment is an opportunity for employers and potential employees. 23 E-Recruitment

The lengths of lines are easier to guess than angles. Also, that year 11s will be more accurate at estimating. Essay Example

The lengths of lines are easier to guess than angles. Also, that year 11s will be more accurate at estimating. Essay Example The lengths of lines are easier to guess than angles. Also, that year 11s will be more accurate at estimating. Essay The lengths of lines are easier to guess than angles. Also, that year 11s will be more accurate at estimating. Essay In this investigation, 3 year groups years 9, 10 and 11, were asked to estimate the lengths of some lines and angles, and the results that the pupils produced are going to be analysed to try and prove or disprove the hypothesis of:The lengths of lines are easier to guess than angles. Also, that year 11s will be more accurate at estimating.The reasons I think these things are because people are more used to seeing lines than they are angles, so this could mean that they are better at estimating the length of lines. The reason I think they year 11s will be more accurate is because they have done maths longer than the year 9s, so they have had more experience.I will be using an example of one line, and one angle, and the results of Year 9 and Year 11 estimates. This is secondary data which has been previously recorded, during a survey to find out the estimates that the pupils gave. This data is continuous as it is As there are 117 year 9s and 145 year 11s I will have to reduce the size of my sample as these numbers are too large to handle, so I will be using a stratified method to reduce the size of the samples as this method keeps the results for the year groups in proportion to each other.I am going to be sampling 60 people in total, out of the year 9s and year 11s, as this is a manageable amount, and it can represent the data from the two year groups accurately as a smaller number might not show the difference in results suitably.To choose my samples I am first going to add together the two total numbers of each year group, which is:145 + 117 = 262 (Year 11 / Year 9)Then I am going to do some calculations. For the year 11s I am going to do:(145 / 262) x 100 = 55.355.3 is about 55 %This means I need to have 55% of the sample of 60 from year 11s results. 55% of 60 is 33, so I need 33 samples to be Year 11 samples.For The Year 9s I am going to do:(117 / 262) x 100 = 44.644.6 is about 45%This means that 45% of the sample of 60 need to be Year 9 results. 45% of 60 is 27, so I need 27 Year 9 samples, which gives you the total of 60 samples.To get these 60 samples from the 262 results I am going to use a random systematic method. To do this I will use a random number generator to find a number from the year 11 and year 9 data, and I am then going to count down from that number, and every 7th piece of data I am going to use. (As 7 was the number that came up when I used a random number generator to find a number between 0 and 10.)Year 9 Random Number Generator91 was the number the generator produced for the year 9s, so I am going to use the 91st piece of data, and then every 7th piece of data after that I am going to use until I have my 27 pieces of data. So, the numbers I am going to use are:91, 98, 106, 113, 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 59, 66, 73, 80, 87, 94, 101, 108, 115, 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, 40Year 11 Random Number Generator127 was the number the generator produced, so I am going to start from the 127th piece of data and count down 6 piece s of data (as 6 was the number produced from the generator between 0 and 10) and then every 6th piece of data after that I am going to use until I have the 33 pieces of data I need for the year 11s. So the pieces of data are:127, 133, 139, 145, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 78, 84, 90, 96, 102, 108, 114, 120, 126, 132, 138, 144, 5, 11, 17, 23, 29Once I have collected my samples, I am going to draw some grouped frequency tables, which will also have frequency density on. These tables are there so that I can find the mean from grouped data. Also, because the data is put into groups it is easier to handle. I will also find out the spread of the data from the mean using standard deviation.Then, I am going to draw some histograms, using the frequency density from the grouped frequency tables. These will show the density of the data in certain groups. This shows which group had the most estimates in it.Next, I am going to draw some cumulative frequency tables and curves. These will show the inter-quartile range. This shows the range of the quartiles. Also, from the cumulative frequency curves I can draw some box plots. These will show the inter-quartile range, median and lower and upper quartiles in a more compact and easy to read way.Then, I am going to draw some percentage error tables. These will show the error of the estimates and if people estimated below or above the actual size or length of the line.I am then going to draw some scatter graphs showing the errors from the percentage error tables. From these you will be able to see if some guessed below the actual length of the line, and whether or not they guessed below the size of angle as well.Then I am going to draw stem and leaf diagrams for each year group. From these I will be able to find the median and mode. Stem and leaf diagrams show all the data in an easy to read way.Finally, I am going to find The Spearmans Coefficient of rank. This shows whether or not there will be negative or po sitive correlation in the scatter graphs which I will then draw. These will show the estimates of the line for one individual person plotted against their estimate for the angle. From these scatter graphs you can see whether or not anybody guessed exactly the correct size or length.These things should help me prove or disprove my hypothesis.I have recorded the estimates in a table so as to know which pieces of data I am using they have been highlighted. I am using ICT to do parts of my work as it spreadsheets can work things out extremely quickly, but I will also check and record how I would work things out.First of all I am going to draw some grouped frequency tables, which also show frequency density. This will make the data easier to handle and will mean I can draw a histogram, and grouped frequency graphs. Also, from the frequency tables I am going to find the mean, and I am also going to use standard deviation to find the spread of the number from the mean. If the spread is sma ller, it means that the year group guessed closer to the mean value. An advantage of using standard deviation is that you use all of the data.This is a table to show the Year 9 estimates for the length of line 2.Estimate of length (cm)Frequency (f)Class Width (w)Frequency Density (f) / (w)Mid-Point (x)(f) x (x)3 ? cm ; 43133.510.54 ? cm ; 4.540.584.25174.5 ? cm ; 550.5104.7523.755 ? cm ; 68185.5446 ? cm ; 77176.545.57 ? cm ; 902080Total27140.75The average of results from the above table is the total (f) x (x) column divided by the total frequency. This is 140.75/27=5.21cm. This is 0.61cm longer than the actual length of the line. This is not very much, which means the year nines were quite accurate in estimating the length of the line.To find the spread of this data from the mean I am going to use the equation for standard deviation from grouped data, which is:Efxà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (mean)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½EfSo, for the above table I would do:(33.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(44.25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(54.75à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(85.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(76.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(0x8à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)27This equals 28.13194, which I will now subtract the meanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from this. The meanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is 5.21à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which gives 27.1441. I will subtract this to give me 0.987844, which I now find the square root of this answer, which is 0.9939. This is the spread of data from the mean. This is quite a low spread.This is a table to show the Year 9 estimates for the size of angle 6.Estimate for Angle sizeFrequency (f)Class Width (w)Frequency Density (f) / (w)Mid-Point (x)(f) x (x)20 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ; 301100.124.524.530 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ; 35350.6329635 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ; 40751.43725940 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ; 45751.44229445 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ; 50450.84718850 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ; 1005500.174.5372.5Total271234The mean of the above table is 1234/27=45.70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. This is 12.7à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ bigger than the actual angle. This is quite a large amount which means that the year 9s were not very accurate in their estimates of angle 6. They we re better at estimating the length of the line.To find standard deviation from this I will do:(124.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(332à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(737à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(742à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(447à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(574.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)27This gives the answer of 2303.4, which I will now subtract 45.70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from to give 214.91. I then have to find the square root of this answer. This gives 14.7. This spread is quite high, which means that the estimates given by the year 9s for the size of angle 6 was quite big. You can also see that the year nines had a lower spread of data for the length of line 2.This is a table to show the Year 11 estimates of the length of line 2.Estimate of length (cm)Frequency (f)Class Width (w)Frequency Density (f) / (w)Mid-Point (x)(f) x (x)3 ? cm ; 43133.510.54 ? cm ; 4.590.5184.2538.254.5 ? cm ; 530.564.7514.255 ? cm ; 6141145.5776 ? cm ; 72126.5137 ? cm ; 9221816Total33169The mean of the above table is 169/33=5.12cm. This is 0.52cm bigger than the actual length of the line. This is very low, which shows they were quite accurate in their estimates and were better than the year 9s.To find standard deviation from this I will do:(33.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(94.25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(34.75à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(145.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(26.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(28à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)33This gives me an answer of 27.36, from which I will now subtract the meanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which is 5.12à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. This is 26.22, and subtracted from the precious calculation, the answer given is 1.14, which I then find the square root of, which gives me an answer of 1.07. This is a low spread of data, but not as low as the year 9 estimates of the length of line 2. The year nines estimates were therefore more close together.This table shoes the Year 11 estimates for the size of angle 6.Estimate for Angle sizeFrequency (f)Class Width (w)Frequency Density (f) / (w)Mid-Point (x)(f) x (x)20 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 301100.124.524.530 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 35650.83219235 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 405513718540 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 45850.64233645 ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 511360.547.5617.5Total331355The mean of the above table is 1355/33=41.06à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. This is 8.06à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ bigger than the actual angle, which shows that the year 11s again were better at estimating the size of the angle, the year 11s were better at estimating the length of the line though.I will now work out the standard deviation for this:(124.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(632à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(537à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(842à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)+(1347.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)33This gives an answer of 1728.26, which I now subtract 41.06à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from to give 42.33. I now have to fins the square root of this to find the final standard deviation. The square root is 6.5. This means the spread is smaller than the spread of the year 9s estimates of angle 6, but the year 11s had a lower spread of data for the line estimates. This means more year 11s guessed closer to the mean for the line. This was also the case for the year 9s.These are the histograms to show these details. The histograms show the spread and how densely populated each group of data is. To draw these histograms, I needed to find the frequency density. The grouped frequency tables on pages 3, 4 and 5 show this. To find the frequency density I did frequency divided by class width.From the histograms, you can see the dashed line. This line shows the actual length of the line, or size of the angle. From the year 11 and year 9 histograms from the angle data, you can see that the year 9s have a wider range of results because they have a very large group of data at the end of the histogram. The density of the group where the actual size of the angle is, is not very densely populated, which means not many people guessed within the correct class.From the histogram for the line data you can see that for the year 9 data the group where the actual length of the line was, had the highest frequency density, but was not the most densely populated. The year 11 data shows that not many people guessed in the correct group as it is not very dense.Cumu lative frequency tables group the data so you can see how much the data has gone up from group to group. A curve can then be drawn, and then a box plot can also be drawn.This is a cumulative frequency table to show the year 11 and the year 9 estimates for the length of line 2. These are drawn so I will be able to find the inter-quartile range of the data after a cumulative frequency curve has been drawn. The median can also be found.Estimated length; 4cm; 5cm; 6cm; 7cm; 8cm; 9cmCumulative Frequency Year 11s31529313133Cumulative Frequency Year 9s3122027This is a table to show the cumulative frequency of the year 11 and year 9 estimates of the size of angle 6.Estimated Size (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½);30;40;45;50;60;70;100Cumulative Frequency Year 9s1111822252627Estimated size (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)3040455060Cumulative Frequency Year 11s112203233From these tables I was able to find the median and modal class intervals. The median class interval shows where the middle estimate is, and the modal class inter val shows which interval has the most estimates in it.These are the median class intervals:AngleYear 9: ;45 class interval. I found this by finding the middle of the total frequency and finding which interval that would be in.Year 11: ;45 class interval again. This shows the median of both results is in the same class interval.This is not the interval where the actual size of the angle would be. The actual size of the angle would be in the group ;40.LineYear 9: ;5 class intervalYear 11: ;5 class interval againThis is the correct group for where the actual length of the line is.The modal class intervals are:AngleYear 9: ;40 class interval. I found this by looking which interval had the most pieces of data in.Year 11: ;50 class interval.The year group who had the majority of estimates closest to the size of the angle were the year 9s, as their modal class was the correct class where the actual angle length could be found.LineYear 9: 6cm class intervalYear 11: 6cm class interval again. These show that the majority of people in both year groups guessed around the same number, but it was not the correct class interval of 5cm.These are the cumulative frequency curves to represent this data. Underneath each curve is a box plot. This shows the inter-quartile range of the data.This curve shows the cumulative frequency of the year 11 estimates for line 2.To work out the median from this curve, you add 1 to the total cumulative frequency and then divide by two. This means, for this particular curve I am going to do 33 + 1 = 34, so 34 / 2 = 17. This means I have to find the 17th piece of data. To do this I find 17 on the y axis, draw a line along until I meet the curve, then draw a line down the x axis, which gives me the median. Also, to find the Inter-quartile range I need to find the lower quartile and upper quartile. To do this I halve the median frequency, and follow along until I meet the curve, then draw a line down to the x axis. This gives me the Lower quartile. I then find the Upper quartile which means I add the lower quartile value from the y axis to the median value from the y axis which gives me the value for the y axis for the upper quartile. I then do as before and draw the lines.The LQ for this curve is approximately 4.5 cm.The median is approximately 5.1 cm.The UQ is approximately 5.7 cm.This means that the IQR is 5.7 4.5 which equals 1.2 cm.This next curve is for the year 9 estimates of line 2. The box plot on this curve actually shows that the lower quartile is below the actual length of the line. This is because people guessed a smaller length than the actual one of the line.The LQ for the last curve is approximately 4.5 cm.The median is approximately 5.2 cm.The UQ is approximately 6.1 cm.This means that the IQR is 6.1 4.5 which equals 1.6 cm.The next curve is for the year 11 estimates of angle 6.The LQ for this curve is approximately 38à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.The median is approximately 43à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.The UQ is approximately 47à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.This means that the IQR is 47 38 which equals 9à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.The next curve is for the year 9 estimates of angle 6.The LQ for this curve is approximately 37à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.The median is approximately 42à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.The UQ is approximately 48.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.This means that the IQR is 48.5 37 which equals 11.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.From these curves I was able to find out that the IQR for the angles in both year groups was higher than the IQR for the line. Also, I found the year 11s had lower IQRs in both of the angle and the line estimates. This could suggest that the year 11s were better at estimating.Percentage error tables show what errors people made. To find the actual percentage error for the above table you have to do a calculation which is:(error/actual length of line) x 100This is a percentage error table for the year 9 estimates of the line and angle.LINE ANGLEEstimate (e)ErrorPercentage error (%)Estimate (e)ErrorPercentage error (%)61.430.43602781.826.21.634.78532060.614.5-0.1-2.173 526.0661.430.433526.0661.430.433526.0650.48.709562187.884-0.6-13.0440721.2150.48.70501751.5261.430.4340721.214-0.6-13.0430-3-9.094-0.6-13.0420-13-39.3950.48.70451236.3650.48.7040721.2150.48.703526.064-0.6-13.043526.0661.430.4340721.214.600.0030-3-9.0950.48.703526.064.5-0.1-2.1740721.214.5-0.1-2.17451236.363.5-1.1-23.91431030.303.5-1.1-23.91431030.303-1.6-34.78501751.524.5-0.1-2.17451236.3661.430.4330-3-9.0950.48.703526.0650.48.70451236.36Total6.6143.48Total238721.21The mean percentage error is worked out by dividing the total percentage error by how many pieces of data there are. So, for the mean of the year 9 line errors, the calculation would be 143.48/27 which equals 5.31%. This is quite a low percentage of error which means that the year 9s were quite good at estimating the line. For the angle it would be 721.21/27 which equals 26.71%. This percentage is so high because someone estimated 95à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which means that mean is made higher by this anomalous result. This shows th at the year 9s were better at estimating the length of the line.The next table is for the percentage error of year 11 estimates.LINE ANGLEEstimate (e)ErrorPercentage error (%)Estimate (e)ErrorPercentage error (%)50.48.7040721.2150.48.703526.0650.48.7040721.214-0.6-13.04451236.3650.48.70451236.3650.48.70451236.3650.48.70451236.363-1.6-34.7840721.2150.48.70461339.3950.48.7030-3-9.094-0.6-13.0430-3-9.093.5-1.1-23.9140721.214.5-0.1-2.1729-4-12.1250.48.70451236.364-0.6-13.0430-3-9.094.5-0.1-2.1730-3-9.093-1.6-34.7830-3-9.094-0.6-13.043526.0683.473.9140721.214-0.6-13.0430-3-9.0983.473.9140721.214-0.6-13.04451236.3661.430.43451236.3650.48.70451236.3650.48.703526.0650.48.70501751.524-0.6-13.04451236.364-0.6-13.043526.064-0.6-13.04451236.3650.48.703526.064.5-0.1-2.1740721.2151.430.43451236.3661.430.4340721.21Total6.2134.78Total206624.24The mean for the above table of the line errors would be 134.78/33 which equals 4.08%. This is a relative low percentage which means from the mean there doesn t seem to be much error for the line. For the angle the mean is 624.24/33 which equals 18.92%. This means that from the mean you can see that from the year 11 data, they were better at estimating the length of the line.From these calculations, I have found that the year 11s were better at estimating by finding the mean percentage error, as both of the mean percentage errors for the line and angle, were lower than the year 9 errors.From the percentage error tables I can plot a scatter graph to see how much error there was for the angle compared to the line for both year groups. These graphs were drawn from the actual error made. For example, if someones error for the line was -2, because they guessed 2 below the actual angle size, and their error for the angle was 3, because they guessed 3 above the actual length of the line, then the co-ordinate for their error would be (-2,3).This scatter graph shows the error of the year elevens. If someone had estimated exactly right and therefor e had no error then there mark would be at the point (0,0) on the scatter graph. The point circled in pink is an anomalous result. This is a result which is out of the pattern of the rest of the results.This scatter graph shows the error of the year 9 estimates. The pink circled result is again an anomalous result.Stem and leaf diagrams put the data in numerical order in an easy to read table. This is a stem and leaf diagram to show Angle estimates:Year 9ANGLE 6Year 110295,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,030,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,55,5,5,5,3,3,0,0,0,0,040,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,63,0,050067859KEY 0 2 9 means that the year 9 estimate was 20 and the year 11 estimate was 29.This is a stem and leaf diagram to show the Line estimates:YEAR 9LINE 2YEAR 115,5,030,0,56,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,040,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,050,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,02,0,0,0,0,0,060,080,0KEY 0 4 0 means the year 9 estimate was 4.0 and the year 11 estimate was 4.0 also.On the stem and leaf diagrams I have highlighted s ome of the values. These are the medians for each stem and leaf diagram. For the Year 11 line, the median is 50, for the year 11 angle it is 40. For the year 9 line the median is 50 and the median for the estimates of the angle by year 9s is 40.I can also find the mode for each group of data. The mode of the estimate of the year 9 line is 5.0 . The mode for the year 11 estimates for the line is also 5.0 . This shows that in both year groups most people guessed the same value, which means, from this mode, you cannot see who is better at estimating.The mode for the year 9 estimates of the angle is 45 and the mode for the year 11s is 40. This shows that the mode for the year 11s is closer to the actual value of 33. This could suggest that the year 11s are better at estimating in this instance.I can also find the range from the stem and leaf diagrams, by subtracting the smallest value from the largest.The range for the year 9 angle estimates is 95 20 which equals 75, which is the range . For the year 9 line the range is 6.2 3.0 which gives you 3.2 as the range.The year 11 range for the angle is 50 29 which equals 21. For the line it is 8.0 3.0 which equals 5.0.From the ranges you can see that the year 9 angle estimates were more spread out than the year 11 angle estimates, but the year 11 line estimates were more spread out than the year 9 line estimates.These tables are made for use in with the scatter graphs. They show Spearmans Coefficient of Rank. This is basically to find the correlation of the data.This table is for the year 9 data.Year 9 Estimate of lineEstimate of angleLine RankingAngle RankingDifference (d)dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.5608.526-17.5306.256.3532725244.5358.580.50.2553517.589.590.2543548-41659517.527-9.590.25440414-101006502523.51.52.2554017.5143.512.256302532248452017.5116.5272.254.6451120.5-9.590.2554017.5143.512.256352581728943548-41654017.517.50053017.5314.5210.2553517.589.590.254.5408.514-5.530.254.5458.520.5-1214454317.517.5003.543117.5-16.5272.2 5450423.5-19.5380.25445420.5-16.5272.2553017.5314.5210.2553517.589.590.2554517.520.5-39TOTALS-3.53494.25Now, to find the Spearmans coefficient of rank you have to use the formula:p = 1 6?dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n(nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1)In this formula, p is the Spearmans coefficient rank of correlation; d is the difference between one item of data and n is the number of items of data.So, for the year nine pieces of data, ?dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 12.25 and n = 27, so:1 6 x 3494.25 = 1 20965.5 = 1 1.066620879= -0.06662087927(729 1) 19656Therefore, this means that the spread of the year nine data will have almost no correlation at all when plotted on a scatter graph because if the Spearmans coefficient of rank is close to 1 then it means that the data will be strongly positively correlated. If it is close to 0 then it means there will be extremely little or no correlation, and if it is close to -1 it means that there will be very strong negative correlation. This scatter graph shows this:The thick, black lines on this graph show the actual length of the line and the actual size of the angle. If someone had guessed both pieces of data correctly, there estimate would be marked upon the intercept of those two lines. This graph shows that there is very little correlation, which means my Spearmans coefficient rank of correlation was correct. There is an anomalous result on this graph which is when someone has estimated the angle as around 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. This was extremely far away from the actual size.The circled result is an anomalous result. It shows that someone guessed a very different angle estimate to the rest of the pupils. This person didnt really have a lot of error when estimating the line, they estimated only 0.4cm above the actual length but then estimated 57à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ above the actual angle size, which again indicates that there is no correlation, showing that this person was not too bad at estimating the line length, but were quite bad at estimating angles. This shows th at this person found lines easier to estimate.This is the table for the year 11 data.Year 11 Estimate of lineEstimate of angleLine RankingAngle RankingDifference (d)dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½54022.516.563653522.51012.5156.2554022.516.5636445827.8-19.8392.0454522.527.8-5.328.0954522.527.8-5.328.0954522.527.8-5.328.093401.516.5-1522554622.532-9.590.2553022.54.51832443084.53.512.253.540316.5-13.5182.254.5291411316954522.527.8-5.328.0943084.53.512.254.530144.59.590.253301.54.5-39435810-2484032.516.51625643084.53.512.2584032.516.516256445827.8-19.8392.0464530.527.82.77.2954522.527.8-5.328.0953522.51012.5156.2555022.533-10.5110.25445827.8-19.8392.04435810-24445827.8-19.8392.0453522.51012.5156.254.5401416.5-2.56.2554522.527.8-5.328.0964030.516.514196TOTALS-19.8392.04Now, to find out the correlation I will substitute the values for the year 11 data into the formula again:1 6 x 4243.74 = 1 25462.44 = 1 0.709181 = 0.29081933(1089-1) 35904This means that when these values are plotted on a scatter graph they will also have extremely little correlation. This shows that people who may have estimated the smallest value for the size of the angle, didnt necessarily estimate the smallest value for the length of the line.This graph shows the year 11 data.Again, the thick, black lines show the actual length of the line and size of the angle. From this graph you can see that the Spearmans coefficient rank was correct, and that the graph has very little correlation. Also, on this diagram, most of the points are relatively near to the line, but there is an anomalous result, which is at the estimate id 8 cm for the line. This persons estimate for the angle was not too inaccurate though. Again the pink circled point is an anomalous result.The lengths of lines are easier to guess than angles.This was my first hypothesis. I feel, through doing many calculations and graphs, that I was able to prove that this hypothesis was correct.Firstly, I drew some grouped frequency tables. From these I was abl e to see that for the year 9s, the mean for the estimate of the lines from the grouped frequency table was 5.21cm, this is 0.61cm longer than the actual length of the line, yet the mean for the year 9s angle estimates from grouped frequency was 45.70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which is 12.7à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ bigger than the actual size of the angle. There is a lot of difference between these means. Most obviously, the year 9s found it easier to estimate the line, as the difference between the actual length of the line and the mean is much lower. The difference between the size of the angle and the mean is probably higher as there is a result that is 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which makes the mean much higher. The year 11s mean for the line was 5.12, which is 0.52cm bigger than the actual length of the line. The mean for the year 11s estimates of the angle from grouped data was 41.06à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which is 8.06à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ larger than the actual size of the angle. This shows again that the year 11s found the lines length easier to estimate than the size of the angle.I also did standard deviation which indicates how the data is spread from the mean. For the year 9 angle it was 14.7, which is quite a high spread, showing that the year 9 estimates for the angle size were quite spread apart. For the year 9 line estimates, was 0.99, which means that the results are very compact compared to the mean, which shows that many pupils estimated very close to the mean, showing that the year 9s were better at estimating the lines length.The standard deviation I did for the year 11s showed that the year 11 lines deviation from the mean was 1.07 which is very low, meaning that the results were quite compact. Then, for the angles the spread was 6.5 which is higher than the deviation for the line, showing that the year 11s were better at estimating the line.Next, I drew some histograms, and from these you can see that even though the most densely populated groups were not the groups of 4.5 5 for the line, or 30 35 for the angle, you can see that in the year 11 estimates for line 2, the most densely populated group was 4 4.5cm group. To find this I multiplied the sizes of the groups, in this case 0.5 by the frequency density, 18, which gives 9, which was the highest frequency. And for the angle the most densely populated group was 45 51à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Neither of the most populated groups contained the correct estimate for the line or the angle, so it is not possible to tell accurately which one was easier, but you can see that the year 11 estimate for the lines most densely populated group was the group next to the group containing the correct length, whereas this was not the case with the angle.For the year 9 histograms, you can see that the most densely populated group for the angle was joint between the groups of 35 40 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and 40 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ as they both had the highest frequency worked out form the histograms. For the line it was 4.5 5cm group, which is the correct gr oup that contains the actual length of the line. From this you can see that the year 9s were better at estimating the length of the line, which again proves my hypothesis.Next, I drew some cumulative frequency tables and curves. From the year 9 cumulative frequency curve I was able to find the median, which was 5.2cm, this is quite far away from the actual length of the line of 4.6cm. You can also see on the box plot that the actual length of the line is contained at the very edge of the box, nearer the edge of the lower quartile, which means that most year 9s guessed above the length of the line. For the year 9 angle estimates in the cumulative frequency curve you can see that the median is 42 which is very high compared to the actual size of the angle of 33à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. This means that the year 9s box plot for the angle didnt contain the actual size of the angle in it. This is because someone estimated 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which is very high. This means that the year 9s, again found th e line easier to estimate.The cumulative frequency curves for the year 11s estimates of line 2 show that the median from the curve was 5cm. This is 0.4cm bigger than the actual length of the line. The actual length of the line is contained in the box, but at the very edge of the lower quartile. This again shows that most people estimated over the length of the line. For the year 11 angle cumulative frequency curve, the median was 43à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which is 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ over the actual size of the angle. The actual size of the angle again is not in the box, showing that many people again guessed above it, which leads to show that the year 11s found the line easier to estimate.Next I drew some percentage error tables. For the year 9 line the mean error was 5.31%, which is relatively low, showing that there was not much error at all. The percentage of error for the angle though was 26.71% which is much higher than the percentage error for the line, meaning that the year 9s had less err or when estimating the length of the line.For the year 11 tables, I was able to find the mean percentage error of 4.08% for the estimating of the line, which is rather low showing that the year 11s did not make much error whilst estimating the line. However, their percentage error mean for the angle was 18.92 which is much higher than the line error percentage, showing that the year 11s were better at estimating the length of the line as they had less error.From the scatter graphs drawn by the error you can see that there is no correlation between the errors.From the stem and leaf diagrams, you can see that the median for the year 9s line estimate is 5.0cm, which is 0.4cm above the actual length of the line, and the year 11 median for the angle was 40. This is 7à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ above the actual size of the angle, meaning that the year 11s were better at estimating the line. The numbers for the median of the year 9s from the box plots were the same as the year 11s showing that the year 9 s were better at estimating the length of the line also.I then did standard deviation to find out what correlation the scatter graphs would have when I drew them. From doing standard deviation I was able to see that for the year 9 scatter graph there would be extremely little correlation at all, as the answer I got after doing the equation for standard deviation, which is shown on page 17, was -0.066620879, this means that5 there would be VERY slight negative correlation, but hardly any at all, meaning that if a year 9 isnt very good at estimating the length of a line, then they are not necessarily bad at estimating the angle size.For the year 11s the answer I got from working out the standard deviation was 0.290819, which means that there would extremely slight positive correlation, but hardly any at all really. This means that if they were really good at estimating the line, they were not necessarily good at estimating the angle size. The scatter graphs show this data.Overall, I f eel I have managed to prove the hypothesis of the length of lines is easier to guess than angles as correct through many calculations and graphs.Year 11s will be more accurate at estimating.This was my second hypothesis, and through the calculations I have done I feel I have managed to come to a conclusion of proving or disproving this hypothesis.Firstly, I made some grouped frequency tables, which I then found the mean from. The mean for the year 11s estimates of the line from the grouped frequency was 5.12cm which is 0.52 above the actual length of the angle. The mean for the year 9 estimates was 5.21 which was 0.61cm above the actual length of the line. This shows that as the mean was closer to the actual length of the line, the year 11s were better at estimating the length of the line in this case. For the angle estimates from grouped frequency tables, I was able to see that the year 11 mean from the grouped frequency was 41.06à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which is 8.06à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ above the act ual angle size, whereas the year 9 mean from the grouped frequency tables for the angle was 45.70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which was 12.7à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ higher than the actual size of the angle. This means that the year 11s were better at estimating the size of the angle than the year 9s were.Next, I found the standard deviation for both year groups. I used the equation on page 3 to do this. For the year 9 line estimates I found out that the spread of the data from the mean was 0.9939 which is quite a low spread, meaning the estimates were quite close together. For the year 11 estimates for the length of line 2, the deviation of the estimates was 1.07, which means that the year 9 estimates for the length of line 2 were less spread out than the year 11s.For the year 9 estimates of the angle, the spread from the mean was 14.7 which was quite high, showing that the results were quite spread out. For the year 11 estimates of the angle, the standard deviation was 6.5 which means there was quite a lot of spread, but less than the year 9s meaning that the year 11 results were less spread out in this case.After this, I drew some histograms. From the year 9 histograms you can see, for the line, that the most densely populated group was 5 6 cm which, is not the group where the actual length of the line was contained. For the year 11s, the most densely populated group was also the 5 6 cm group which was again not the correct group where the actual length was, showing that both the majority of the year 9s and year 11s guessed that the line was in the region of 5 to 6 cm.For the year 9 histogram for the angle, the most densely populated groups was joint between 35 40 and 40 45, which did not contain the actual size of the angle. For the year 11s the most densely populated group on the angle histogram was 35 40, which again did not contain the correct size of the angle, meaning that the majority of both year groups estimated in the incorrect group.I then drew some cumulative frequency curves. These showed me the frequency of the data in the form of a curve. For the year 9s, from the curve for the line estimates, I could see that the inter-quartile range of the data was 1.6cm and the median was 5.2cm. For the year 9s curve for the line the inter-quartile range was 1.2cm and the median was 5.1cm. From these results you can see that the year 11s had both a lower median and a lower inter-quartile range. This could suggest that they were better at estimating.For the angle cumulative frequency curve for the year 9s the inter-quartile range was 11.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and the median was 42à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. For the year 11s the inter-quartile range was 9à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and the median was 43à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, this means that the year 11s had a lower inter-quartile range value, but the year 9s had a lower median value.After drawing cumulative frequency curves, I was able to draw some box plots. From these I was able to see the inter-quartile range and median easily.For the year 9 box plot f or the line I was able to see that between the highest result and the upper-quartile there is very little difference. The upper quartile was 6.1cm and the highest result was 6.2cm. This shows that the many people estimated higher up on the scale as between the lowest estimate of 3cm and the lower quartile of 4.5cm there is quite a large gap.For the year 11 box plot of the line, I was able to see that the data is quite evenly spread as the box plot is relatively in the middle of the lowest value of 3cm and the highest value of 8cm. The actual length of the line is contained with in the inter-quartile range box, but, towards the very end of the lower quartile side, meaning that most people estimated above it.For the year 9 box plot of the angle estimates I was able to see that the actual size of the angle is not contained within the inter-quartile range. This is because many people guessed above the correct size of 33à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, meaning that it was not contained within the inter-qua rtile range.The year 11 box plot for the angle showed that many of them also estimated above the size of the angle of 33à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, as it is again not contained in the inter-quartile range. After analysing these box plots, I do not feel that they have helped me to prove or disprove my hypothesis.Next, I drew some percentage error tables. From these I was able to see what error each individual made in their estimates. I then found how much error they made as a percentage. Overall, for the year 9 estimates of the line, the mean percentage error was 5.31%, which is quite low, means that they did not make too much of an error overall. For the year 11 estimates of line two, the mean percentage error was 4.08%. This is a lower percentage of error than the year 9s meaning that overall, the year 11s made less error in estimating the length of the line.For the year 9 estimates of the angle the mean percentage error was 26.71% which is quite high. This is because there was an anomalous resu lt of 95à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which means that the overall mean percentage error value will be higher. For the year 11 estimates of the angle, their mean percentage error was 18.92%, this is still quite high, but lower than the year 9s mean percentage error for the angle meaning that the year 11s had less error in estimating the angle overall again.Next, I drew some scatter graphs which showed how much error someone had made, for example if some had estimated 2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ above the actual angle size, and 0.3cm below the estimate of the line, their coordinates would be (-0.3,2). From the scatter graphs I was able to see that there was not really any correlation in either the year 11 or year 9 scatter graphs. Again, after analysing these I do not feel that they help me to prove or disprove my hypothesis.After this, I drew some stem and leaf diagrams. I was able to find the median and mode from these. They also showed me the data in a table, showing each and every result.For the year 9 line e stimates I was able to work out that the median was 5.0cm which was also the median for the year 11s. This means that when all the data is put in consecutive order, that both the year 9s and the year 11s had the same middle estimate. For the angles I was able to see that the median for the year 9s was 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, and the median for the year 11s was also 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. This means that again they had the same middle estimate. I do not feel that these have helped me to prove my hypothesis.Next, I did the spearmans coefficient rank. This shows what correlation the data will have when plotted on a scatter graph. For the year 11s I was able to see that after working out that the correlation would be hardly visible, but would be extremely slightly positive, as the answer I got after working out the spearmans coefficient rank was 0.290819. I then plotted my points on a scatter graph and found out that this was correct. I then worked out the spearmans coefficient of rank for the year 9s . This gave me an answer of -0.066620879, meaning that there would be a very slight negative correlation. I plotted my points on a graph and was able to see that again I was correct. I was shown that for both year groups the estimate for the line didnt necessarily correlate with the estimate for the angle. For example, my results did not show that if someone estimated high for the angle size, they did not necessarily estimate high for the line length.Additionally, from the scatter graphs I was able to see that there were some anomalous results. For example there was a year 9 who estimated the angle at being 95à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, whereas they estimated the line at being 5cm which showed that they did not estimate too extremely for the length of the line. I do not feel these scatter graphs assisted me in proving my hypothesis.Overall, I feel I have been able to prove this hypothesis as correct through the calculations which referred to it.I think all of my calculations and diagrams were cor rect as they all led to the same conclusion, and through checking my answers I found that they were correct. I think there were not really any major anomalous results, apart from the ones previously mentioned and shown in my calculations.One problem I did have was finding the standard deviation, but I realised this was because I was trying to find it from grouped data, and therefore needed a different formula, and after getting the formula for grouped data I found it a lot easier to do.I managed to prove my hypotheses were correct in most instances and I managed to show many different types of calculations in proving my hypotheses.