The Masque o the Red Death Essay -- essays research papers

     Edgar Allen Poes The Masque of the Red Death is an elaborate allegory/microcosm that combines objects in the story with visual descriptions to give focus to the readers imagination. In the story, a prince named Prospero tries to dodge the Red Death through isolation and seclusion. He hides behind seemingly impenetrable walls of his castellated abbey and lets the world take care of its own. However, no walls kindle stop death because it is inescapable and inevitable. Visual descriptions in the story are used to symbolize death. Poes use of language and symbolism is shown in his description of the ordinal room in the suite, the ebony clock, and the fire.      The first symbolic mean of death is depicted in the seventh room in the suite. Poe says, "The seventh apartment was about shrouded in black velvet tapestries that hung all over the ceiling and down the walls, falling in heavy folds upon a carpet of the same material and hue" . He uses the seventh room to symbolize the final stage of life, death. He sees the black velvet tapestries as blood flowing from the ceiling and walls to the floor. The relationship between blood and death is important because he wants the reader to have a visual image of the blood pouring down the walls as a signifier of death.     The fire lighting the suite of rooms is another object in the story that represented death. He says, "...There stood, opposit...

A Review of Responses to the National Endowment for the Arts Report, “R

During the past twenty years there has been much debate over topics regarding literacy and literature in America. In June 2004, based on their equivalence of literary reading surveys from 1982, 1992, and 2002, the National Endowment for the Arts released the following statement.The accelerating declines in literary reading among all demographic groups of American adults indicate an imminent pagan crisis. The trends among younger adults warrant special concern, suggesting that unless some effective solution is found literary culture, and literacy in general, will continue to worsen. Indeed, at the current rate of loss, literary reading as a leisure activity will virtually disappear in half a century. (NEA, interpreting at gamble)In recent years, access to the Internet has become available to Americans of all ages and cultural backgrounds. some(prenominal) authority figures in academia see this as a flagellum to the perpetuation of printed literature. Other authorities view t he Internet as an additional medium for advancing literacy. Another problem authorities face is one of definition. Some authorities want a broader definition of what constitutes literature while others insist on a standard of quality for literary works. What follows are some thoughts and opinions on these related topics and others.Some critics feel the NEA surveys narrow definition of literary reading is the NEAs feeble attempt to designate genres of literary importance. The yarn at Risk study defines literary readers as those who read short stories, poetry, and plays in their leisure time, excluding any reading done for work or coach or on the Internet (NEA, Reading at Risk). Stuart Moulthrop, co-author of the online dialogue, New Literacies ... ...orum Blog. 29 Sept. 2004. .Rachel. More on Reading at Risk. Online Posting. 23 August 2004. Banana Republican. 19 Sept. 2004 .Schwartz, Nomi. NEAs Reading at Risk Elicits Strong, Varied Responses. American Booksellers Association On line. 15 July 2004. 19 Sept. 2004. .Solomon, Andrew. Reading at Risk Lack of Interest in Literature is a Crisis. Commentary Columbia Daily Tribune. 8 Aug. 2004. 19 Sept. 2004. .Wood, Peter. Literature at Risk The State of Our Reading Habits. National Review Online. 19 July 2004. 19 Sept. 2004 .

Effects of Civil War Essay -- essays research papers

When a war occurs, it takes years for the society or societies gnarled to return to a more normal, calm state. In the case of the American Civil warfare, many aspects of the kingdom were disrupted after the war ended in 1865. Relations were strained, land had been destroyed, families torn apart, and much more. The economy struggled, and many Southerners did not want to accept a loss. The death count for the American Civil War was also an amazing number, and made a large dent into families, businesses, and towns across the nation. When examining the physical damage to the land after the end of the war, it was obvious that much of the country had been brutally trampled and scarred by the battles and rampages of the war. As troops had moved across areas, they had burnt many fields and homes in proof of their defiance against their enemies. Also, many cities, towns, and businesses had been primed(p) fire as the troops had captured and traveled through them. Many of these fires took l ives, and often made making a fresh start and rebuilding seem bid an impossible venture. The land that had been destroyed by these fires also was very tattered and would take many years to rehabilitate.The countless buildings, homes, businesses and structures that had been torn down and broken apart, were decidedly very discouraging matters for the citizens after the war ended. Many families had lost their homes to traveling troops during battles...

Holocaust at Auschwitz :: essays research papers

It is desire that compels man to hold on for one more day of life, because that day maybe the day of liberation. Ah, and not even the hope for a different, better world, further simply for life, a life of peace and rest. Never before in the history of mankind had hope been stronger than man, but never also has it done so much harm as it has in this war, in this concentration camp. We were never taught how to give up hope, and this is why today we parish in gas chambers. Borowski We often wonder what the reasons for the concentration camps were? We sit back in our nice warm home with our families at our side, and watch on the History communicate all of the documentaries on the holocaust, and we ask ourselves many questions one of the most important is Why?. One question I always ask myself is, Could it happen again, but not just to Jews but to Americans?. Many mint shun the thought of it, but sooner or later we will have to face existence that it could happen, despite our brute military force, there is no telling what will happen from day to day. The one question I am going to effect is, How much do you actually know about Auschwitz?.Most of my research was done by reading interviews that have been done with survivors. It was very awful what happened to many of the people and their families, along with the experiments that they did with the camp prisoners. Could you imagine seeing your family one minute, being told they were going to the showers, then never see them again? Then one day told to go through the laundry and finding your loved ones clothing, but, no body to go with it? That was everyday life at Auschwitz. The most medical of all the violent death methods was the phenol injection, which was institutionalized during the relatively early phases of Auschwitz. Many other camps used gas, then burned the bodies, because they had no room nor time to dig graves for the thousands of people they killed everyday. Mass grave yards were not unpopular thou gh. The definition for the word holocaust is Great destruction resulting in the extensive loss of life, especially by fire. And what happened during the countenance world war was very much a holocaust.

Causes and Effects of Homelessness Essay -- homeless poverty

unsettledness is a problem virtually every society stands from. There are umpteen things that cause muckle to become homeless, such as unemployment, relationship problems, and universe evicted from ones domicile either by a landlord, friend or even a family member. However, with every cause there must be an effect. Some of the effects of one becoming homeless, besides the obvious change of lifestyle, are various health problems which often times may lead to terminal. Many people find themselves in a predicament when they are living with a partner and the devil decide to go their separate ways. Some people may non be able afford the salute of living on just their income alone, so when two people terminate a relationship where one depends on the other, both are often left homeless for a period of time. Unemployment is another(prenominal) major cause of people becoming homeless. When people lose their jobs and fail to find another within a reasonable amount of time, they will not be able to pay their rent or mortgage on time or even at all, causing them to look else where for shelter. Many people are not fortunate enough to have a family member that is willing, or capable, of taking them in and comporting them. The main cause of homelessness comes from people being evicted from their place of residence either by their parents, friends, or land lord. Parents will often kick their kids out of the house because they can not financially support them anymore, or they are just simply tired of their kids bumming off of them when they are perfectly capable of supporting themselves or at least contributing to the cost of living expenses. So many people are forced to live on the streets because of something as little as a relationship problem. All homeles... ...on someone, which is death. Homeless people die every day for various reasons. Some may die from malnutrition due to lack of food, some may die from being abused, crush or murdered, and some may die from drug overdose. In one out of every four deaths in homeless people the cause of death is murder. One out of every six homeless people will attempt to take their own lives. In addition a homeless soul life expectancy is approximately twenty years less than that of a person who is not homeless.There are many causes and effects of homelessness and it continues to be a problem in virtually all societies known to man. Regardless of what the causes of someone becoming homeless are, all homeless people will eventually suffer from some or all of the effects of being homeless, rather it be malnutrition, mental illnesses, abuse, drug addictions, or even death.

Causes and Effects of Homelessness Essay -- homeless poverty

Homelessness is a problem virtu solelyy all society suffers from. There are umpteen things that cause plurality to accommodate homeless, such as unemployment, relationship problems, and being evicted from ones domicile any by a landlord, friend or even a family member. However, with all(prenominal) cause thither must be an effect. Some of the effects of one becoming homeless, besides the obvious change of lifestyle, are various health problems which often times whitethorn lead to death. Many people find themselves in a predicament when they are living with a partner and the two decide to go their pick out ways. Some people may not be able afford the cost of living on right their income alone, so when two people alter a relationship where one depends on the other, both are often left homeless for a period of time. Unemployment is another major cause of people becoming homeless. When people lose their jobs and fail to find another within a reasonable amount of time, th ey will not be able to comprise their rent or mortgage on time or even at all, causing them to look else where for shelter. Many people are not well-off enough to have a family member that is willing, or capable, of taking them in and supporting them. The main cause of homelessness comes from people being evicted from their place of residence either by their parents, friends, or land lord. Parents will often kick their kids out of the house because they can not financially support them anymore, or they are just simply tired of their kids bumming off of them when they are perfectly capable of supporting themselves or at least contributing to the cost of living expenses. So many people are forced to live on the streets because of something as little as a relationship problem. All homeles... ...on someone, which is death. Homeless people die every day for various reasons. Some may die from malnutrition due to lack of food, some may die from being abused, beaten or murdered, an d some may die from drug overdose. In one out of every four deaths in homeless people the cause of death is murder. One out of every six homeless people will attempt to take their own lives. In addition a homeless person life expectancy is some twenty years less than that of a person who is not homeless.There are many causes and effects of homelessness and it continues to be a problem in virtually all societies known to man. Regardless of what the causes of someone becoming homeless are, all homeless people will eventually suffer from some or all of the effects of being homeless, rather it be malnutrition, mental illnesses, abuse, drug addictions, or even death.

John Higgins Essay

The Central IssueWhy did Prescott think that his executive assistant, John Higgins, lost his persuasiveness in representing the U.S reboot community, while also having a strong identification with the Japanese civilization? Why is Prescott having conflict dealing with Higgins ab bring out the issue?Recommended cut of ActionPrescott and Higgins should come to some kind of mutual understanding with each other as soon as possibleBasis of RecommendationPrescott and Higgins attitudes towards implementing the U.S power policies in the Japanese operation were both different. Prescott and Higgins should come to a mutual understanding, which would be important for the brass instrument in resolving the conflicts between the two, to ensure the trading operations are running smoothly. The none for both companies were to work together to increase the international market segment of Weaver, but before all of that, Prescott spend oer 25 years in weaver, which he served in other countries and has a better experience than Higgins in handling international issues. Prescott sees Higgins activities are non for bene jibing for the organization but rather for personal objectives. Higgins should not forget that hes representing the U.S parent company in Japan and not his deep interest with lacquer itself. Therefore, Prescott being so high up in the corporation, he should in reality realize an understanding of how to manage conflict and manage change in a corporation.Reasonable Alternatives1) Prescott should fire Higgins. This is spurned beca character that would not solve any kind of problem. Firing Higgins would make the company one less employee shorter overseas, plus would not protagonist Prescott nor Higgins with any lead skills that need to be worked on.2) Prescott should relocate Higgins. This is rejected because that would result in more(prenominal) problems occurring. Higgins knows that there is issues going on and for him to be moved out of his culture that he has deeply spent time studying and growing with, would cause him more in say-so in the company. If Higgins doesnt want to move, he expertness want to resign which wouldnt solve their first problem or do Prescott with his problem of fixing the issue for next time.3) Prescott should just leave the issue, until it gets worse. This is rejected because this would make things worse. It will cause the company a deeper hole then they already are in with issues. Talking to one another about their problems is the substantial reason of doing seam together, if not then why work together. Letting things go will not help Prescott become a better theater director and also wont help Higgins in the feedback category. Coming to an understanding would help both out with what is going wrong instead of leaving the issue. satisfying Factors1) Vision2) Leadership Ability3) Business Goals4) Relationship5) PositivityDiscussionVisionOne main issue I know why Prescott is having untune dealing with H iggins attitudes towards his effectiveness of the U.S parent company is Vision.First off, the vision of the joint venture seems to only be viewed and felt by the head management and not a unit. For example, Prescott has his very own vision in looking at the company from the U.S standards and business side of things and Higgins has a way of looking at the company in the Japanese way. Both these visions are two different visions and a company behindnot be successful in this matter. The reason behind this is Higgins having personal activities with the japan culture itself that when it comes down to the business part of things, he will think like a native of the country rather than a native of the U.S parent business.Another example of Vision can be used towards the employees. If the employees of the japan branch are not meeting the vision of the top management, then the business will not go hand in hand and will slow the process of the company down, may be the reason why Prescott thin ks Higgins is losing effectiveness because his vision of his employees are lower standards than the top management. Once every employee is on page and is working towards one vision, the company can fulfil any system or goal they can. Leadership AbilityLeadership in any company is one of the most important things to becoming successful. As a old-timer or even part of the management team, having leadership is one that takes pride in what he or she does and leads their employees to success anytime they can. In this situation about Prescott and Higgins, leadership involve to take stand for both of them. In the case, they explained that Prescott seen a change in Higgins work ethic towards the Japanese employees and U.S parent company. Some reasons for this were him becoming really in depth with the Japanese culture and even being really social at work rather than making decisions. The case also verbalize that he would attend marriages of coworkers, which meant he was super close and had a relationship with them.Leadership plays a huge role in this with Higgins separating work form his personal life. Leadership in this situation would be to not make friends that will neglect you from your everyday work but still able to hold a relationship with them. For Prescott, his leadership should be shown in a better way as of dealing with the situation of Higgins. Prescott needs to have good leadership to sojourn Higgins and go over a understanding about what needs to be done on the job and what personal activities should be separate from work and what not. Prescott needs toidentify the actual reasons behind their conflict and remove them to have a smooth system. Business GoalsAdding on to the last topic of Leadership, Business Goals can fit right after that. After coming to a certain agreement, Prescott and Higgins should provide each other with certain business goals they have of their own, along with an appropriate good example from their teams to follow as well. Hav ing goals can be the motivation factor of Higgins and Prescott to achieve what they want in their employees and push each other to reach them. There is many examples that can be used here, but some minor ones are show up on time every day, wear the right suffice wear and also avoid as much personal talk and issues outside of work so that way the company can perform more.Having these goals for yourselves, tho alone your employees can surely reflect their work. The reasoning behind this is that Higgins is adapted to the Japanese culture so much, instead of finding personal issues with the culture, use it to drive with the Japanese population at the work place to get them to follow the right rules and ways to adapt what it is he is doing. If they see someone like Higgins who has a lot of Japanese culture in him, they will feel more homy to relate to him, rather than draw away. RelationshipRelationship in this situation is probably key. Relationship usually can mean any type of comm unication or activity to engage with one another. In this situation its about Prescott and Higgins. I feel that Prescott and Higgins need to have a good relationship with each other so that way when issues arise, they can be comfortable talking about it rather than assuming what each other is doing. For example, Prescott feels that Higgins is drawn away from the U.S Parent company and teaming up with the Japanese because he has spent more time engaging himself in the Japanese culture that it only feels right to work with them. This pushes back on having a vision and staying with it. Since he has the Japanese culture in him he wants the have a vision of a Japaneses native, which isnt going well with Prescott. So having that relationship to actually have a meeting and talk to Higgins on what it is that Prescott is worried about can help the company in the long run. PositivityLast but not least, Positivity. Positivity can be used in a way for Prescott. If his behavior as a boss is perc eived as negative by his employees, that could mean the employees would not listen to him or any other boss of this matter. Under the organization structure that they use with employees being in other countries and not face to face, tone of the voice and compliments could be helpful in motivation or just coaching of the employees. I recommend that Prescott can use some positive feedback towards his employees and also using realistic thinking process when dealing with Higgins in the future. If you think negative of a worker, for example Higgins, the discussion can lead to more things arising that you feel negative towards rather than having a positive mindset. All in all, I fell these five factors can surely help out what it is that Higgins is doing and it could also help out Prescott in the thinking and leadership process of the understanding that him and Higgins need to have in order to have a smooth operations system.

Man is like a fraction

Man Is like a fraction whose numerator Is what he Is and whose denominator is what he thinks. The greater the denominator, the lesser the fraction. -Lev Tolstoy We should take note that in a fraction, as the denominator becomes larger, the value of the traction becomes lesser. Man is also like a traction as what Lev Tolstoy said in his quotation. Life Is full of choices, full of situations. Where sometimes all our way to run away is by pretending, Pretending is one way of escaping. In my life, I obligate met tribe who are pretentious. I dont understand why they are like that.Why o people appear to be something theyre not? Does it make them feel weaken about themselves or does It make them bring in something to hide behind? People feel that if they can lead a life that isnt their own and be pulled along by someone else they may be open to achieve better things. Therefore, hiding behind masks makes people lives a lot easier, they dont have to face up to doing something wrong. The appearance of being greater than you are has led to many unfortunate happening in the world around us. Nevertheless it shows us how appearing to be something youre not, can become your reality and even the worlds reality.We need to be less influenced by the world around us. Reality is hard to find as people are working their way around It, forcing themselves to appear to be something theyre not. If we feel that we can get ahead by doing this then we should realize that we will however get hurt. Let us not be a person who sees himself larger than who he really is. Iva Rhiana C. Santiago LG 4218 APOLLONIUS OF PERGA As what I have researched, Apollonius ot Perga was a Greek geometer and astronomer noted for his writings in the conic section. It was him who gave the ellipse. the parabola, and the hyperbola the names by which we know them.And these things are our lessons this term. The work of Apollonius of Perga has had such a great impact on the development of mathematics, that he is known as The Great Geometer. In fact, in his book Conics he Introduces terms, such as parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola that are still used today. Apollonius also was an important person in founding Greek mathematical astronomy. He used geometrical models to explain terrene theory. He made a lot of contributions In his times that until now we are advanceing from them. We are still learning from them. He did his work very(prenominal) well.He was able to help many people nowadays even f he existed a long, long time ago. His contributions to mathematics helped many people to become very good like him. Mathematician like Of2 Apolllonlus 0T Perga makes numerous contrl learn and it helped me a lot. Iva Rhiana C. Santiago 4218 The Importance Of Saving outlons. HIS conlcs Tor me were easy to For me, teenagers or children nowadays should learn how to however specie since young. Saving money helps to lessen the heavy responsibility of our parents as what I have observed. We can also buy their own items without asking money from our parents.Saving money also helps us to be more independent. Although I did not complete the required number of weeks I have to deposit, I think I was only able to deposit four times out of eight weeks, I am lucky to learn a lesson from this. I can benefit from saving money at young age. I realized that after high school, college is expensive and then real life begins, with expenses such as nutriment and rent. If I can hold onto a good portion of the money I earned as a teen, going to college and buying a offer will be much easier. The earlier I will begin saving, the more time the money has to grow.

Langston Hughes’ “Mother To Son” Essay

An Explication of Langston Hughes sire to Son Langston Hughes once stated in his own words that his whole purpose for writing was, to apologize and illuminate the Negro condition in America. In the rime M different to Son, he denotes his belief on racism in America. In Mother to Son, a aim is giving advice to her son or so life from her perspective and experiences. She wants her son to keep endeavor on what he believes and to have a more prosperous life than what she had.Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri in 1902. He lived with his grandmother for most of her life but often stayed with his mother in Cleveland, Ohio. He grew up in poverty and was exposed to racism in his youth. However, he believed that things would change and his culture must press on. By 1929, he was a well know poet during the Harlem Renaissance, the growth of African-American art and literature in Harlem, New York. He promoted the African-American culture and supported the Civil Rights Movement. Hu ghes used poetry to express himself and has indite over sixty poems. One of them being Mother to Son, which expresses how the blacks must stand tall and believe in a purify future.Starting with the title, Mother to Son, allows the subscriber to trust that the poem is leaving to be about a mother and a son. Just by culture the title, the reader may wonder what type of poem this is going to be. It shows a sense of leadership because a son sees his mother as an authoritative figure, mortal who he can trust, someone who he has a bond with. Mothers are usually a figure who nurtures and molds their children into the right path. This gives the reader a hint that the poem is a poem were, the mother, in some way or another is molding or guiding the son into the right path.In the very premier(prenominal) line, Well, son, Ill tell you gives the reader a good idea in which direction the poem is taking. At this point, the reader can trust that the mother is going to give some kind of adv ice as mothers frequently do. As the reader moves on to the second line, Life for me aint been no crystal footmark, Langston creates mental imagery for the reader by using a crystal stair as a metaphor to symbolize the mothers life in melody to the crystal stair. Crystal has connotations of beauty and visual smoothness.It is also a valuable piece of stone that only the wealthy could purchase in high peck such as that of a crystal stair.The crystal stair is very important to the body of the poem. Without this metaphor, the poem probably would not have the same answer on how the reader interprets it. Moving on to the third sentence, Its had tacks in it, and splinters, and boards torn up, and places with no carpet on the floor-Bare. The tacks and splinters could represent pain or scars leave from the mothers past. The boards that were torn up could represent imperfection a struggle or permanent loses and voids in her life. No carpet on the floor-Bare could basal that the mother has nothing left to show for her life. Her life as a youth could have been stripped from her through slavery. So she wants her son to make something of himself patronage the criticism and racism he is challenged with.The poem doesnt state specifically to the reader where the setting takes place but there are two hints Hughes gives that leads the reader into the assumption that the South is a primary focus. First, the poem was written in 1922, which was a time of the Harlem Renaissance. Second, the mother is let the cat out of the baging the words of the poem in a Negro dialect, which forces the reader to assume shes black. With these two facts, the reader can reasonably come to the conclusion that the mother has probably dealt with the racism and prejudges from the white culture.The 1920s were a time of struggle for many blacks and Negro rights since slavery was abolished in 1865 by the 13th Amendment. By reading the history of the poet, Langston Hughes, the reader has a everyday idea that his own mother could have been a slave or had grown up during the time that slavery was being abolished and the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments came into effect. This was also during a time when Congress had passed several laws to protect Negroes civil rights. In contrast, many whites disregarded the newly won rights of Negroes. (World Book Encyclopedia. Civil Rights. Field Enterprises Educational Corporation. Chicago. 1977. P.468) akin many other Lyrics, Mother to Son, is expressing the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker and is written in showtime person point of view. In the very first line, Well, son, Ill tell you, Hughes demonstrates to the reader that this is going to be a first person point of view. Readers can see that themother is the central character in this poem because the reader is focused on her next word as she describes her view of life. The mother speaks her thoughts and feelings for the entirety of the poem but the boy doesnt speak at all. This is called a dramatic monologue.Langstons attitude toward life in Mother to Son is slightly unpleasant but solemn and trustworthy. The reader gains a sense of sympathy for the mother as she tells her son about her misfortunes from the past.In Mother to Son, a mother is urging her son to keep striving with assurance to have a more prosperous life than she had.Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri in 1902. He was a well-known poet during the Harlem Renaissance. He believed strongly in his culture and he had faith that things would change for the better.The title itself gives the reader a sense of insight on what the poem is going to be about as it clearly uses Mother, an authoritative figure in which a son would trust and look up to for guidance. On the other hand, a mothers own instinct is to her child into the right path. Langston clearly demonstrates this in this piece of poetry. Langston also uses imagery for the reader by using the crystal stair as a metaphor.The setting is not specifically stated but Langston has granted a couple of clues for which the reader can rely. The date the poem was written and the word choices he uses lets the reader know that the setting is probably in the South.Langstons background gives the reader the idea that he may have reflected on his mothers past and the events that follows slavery abolishment in 1865 when he began writing, Mother to Son. This poem was written as a Lyric. Like many other lyrics, it was written in first person point of view and the poet used a dramatic monologue when the mother speaks of her thoughts and feelings, whereas, the boy doesnt speak at all.Although, Langston shows a slightly unpleasant attitude in his tone, he is solemn and trustworthy. The reader gains a sense of sympathy for the character of the mother

Perception and Sensation

In psychology we tend to study sensation due to our ways of organizing and responding to the world depend a great deal on the way which our sense attains filter or select from the stimuli, or development, around us. We come to know our world primarily through our senses, and much what we sense often affect our behaviour. Definition of sensation Any fundamental experience of events from within or without the form that results from simulation of virtually receptor establishment. sensation is takeed from perception in that perception requires the returnation of a sensation.This distinction is somewhat arbitrary(absolute), however, beca role some perception of a sensation must occur to begin with awargonness of that sensation is possible. To put it in a simpler explanation Although intimately related, sensation and perception play 2 complementary sole(prenominal) opposite roles in how we interpret our world. Sensation refers to the offshoot of sensing our surround throug h post, bask, sight, voice, and smell out. This information is sent to our brains in raw form where perception comes into play. cognizance is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore confuse sense of everything around us.Simple example of sensation and perception atomic number 18 Sensation Physical response. Information which is gathe vehement through atomic number 53 of the hu valet de chambree five senses, deal touching a guitar string and the feeling of the string structure. Perception Our mental response towards the sensation, like liveing an electric guitar and thinking of contention and roll. So how do sensation and perception work together? When sensation occurs, the sensory organs absorbs energy from a physical stimulus in the environment and then the sensory receptors convert this energy into neural impulses and send them to the brain.And then perception follows via the brain exploit of organizing the information and translate it into something preg nant. The term meaningful in the above context is how the brain determine whether the information is key and whether it should be focused on. We hind end determine this by using a process called Psychophysics. Psychophysics discharge be defined as, the study of how physical stimuli be translated into psychological experience. In psychophysics there atomic number 18 both process that preserve be do to measure the importance of the information that have been gather, Selective Attention and perceptual Expectancy.Selective Attention is a process of discriminating amid what is important and is irrelevant and is influenced by motivation. For example, students in a speak class should be focusing on what the lecturer is saying and the over flips that are world presented. When a student who doesnt take the lecture walk by the classroom, the student may be focusing on the stack in the room, who is the teacher, etc and not the like thing the student in the class. Perceptual Exp ectancy is how we perceive the world is a function of our past experience,culture and our biological falsifyup.For instances, as a local Malaysian city dweller, when I cheek at a avenue I expect to see cars, trucks, etc, NOT airplanes. But for someone from the rural area, aboriginal folks perhaps, who have dissimilar experiences and history, they might not have any idea what to expect and thus be surprise when they see cars go driving by. A simpler explanation for perceptual expectancy can be describe with the situation when we look at a picture or pigmenting perhaps, we might not have any idea what the meaning that they are trying to convey.But if someone tells you about it, you might be begin to see things in the picture or painting that you were unable to see capitulumlier. present is an experiment to test perceptual expectancy. From the picture given above, can you find the hidden tiger? Anyway, in order to measure these psychophysics events psychologist use threshold. A threshold is a dividing line between what has detectable energy and what does not. For example, no matter how bright X-ray blowsy-coloredsomeness is, you annot see it or although there are some delicate instruments that mighth be able to sense the light from a match struck on a mountaintop 50 miles away on a glooming night, your eyes would not be able to. The summate of energy required to create a noticeable sensation is called absolute threshold. A certain keep down of energy is required before you can detect a stimulus hence, the existing energy must fluctuate a certain amount before you can detect a certain change in the a stimulus. This minimum amount of energy fluctuation is known as battle threshold. It can also called the Just Noticeable Difference (JND).Difference threshold also can change depending on the individuals physical condition or motivation or on the qualities of the stimulus being tested. For example, when you pick up a 5kg weight and then a 10kg weight, you can feel a big difference between those 2. However if you pick up a 50kg and then 55kg, it is much more difficult to feel the difference. Webers Law stated that the macro or the stronger the stimulus, the larger or the change required for an observer to notice a difference. The smallest difference in intensity between two stimuli that can be readily detected is a constant fraction of the original stimulus.Last tho not least there is the Signal Detection Theory where the detection of a stimulus involves some decision make process as well as sensory process. Additionally both sensory and decision making process are influenced by many more factors than just intensify. * Noise- The factors of how much outside interference that exist that might influence the sensory and decision making process. * Criterion- The level of assurance that you decide must be met before you take action. It involves higher mental processes. You organize the criterion based on prediction and conchro nological successions of inaccuracy.Most flock consider that there are five ways to sense, seeing, realiseing, tasting, smelling and touching. In reality, there are any more than just these five but ultimately these five are consider the main or standard senses. VISION. Researchers have studied vision more thoroughly than the opposite senses. Be campaign people motive sight to perform most daily activities, the sense of sight has evolved to be highly sophisticated. Vision, however, would not exist without the presence of light. Light is electromagnetic radiation that travels in the form of waves.Light is emitted from the sun, stars, fire, and light bulbs. Most other ends just reflect light. The usual vision system works on sensing and perceiving light waves. Light waves metamorphose in their aloofness and amplitude * wave length (also referred to as frequency, since the dourer a wave, the less often/quickly it occurs) affects color perception (ex. , red=approx 700, colour approx 600) * wave amplitude (this is the size/height of the wave) affects brightness perception. People experience light as having three features color,brightness, and saturation.These three types of experiences come from three corresponding characteristics of light waves * The color or hue of light depends on its wavelength, the remoteness between the peaks of its waves. * The brightness of light is related to intensity or the amount of light an object emits or reflects. Brightness depends on light wave amplitude, the height of light waves. Brightness is also somewhat influenced by wavelength. Yellow light tends to look brighter than reds or blues. * Saturation or colorfulness depends on light complexity, the range of wavelengths in light. The color of a single wavelength is pure religious color.Such lights are called fully saturated. Outside a laboratory, light is rarely pure or of a single wavelength. Light is commonly a mixture of some(prenominal) different wavelengths. Th e greater number of spectral alter in a light, the lower the saturation. Light of mixed wavelengths looks duller or paler than pure light. Wavelength Color Amplitude Brightness Complexity SaturationRainbows and LightsWhite light Completely unsaturated. It is a mixture of all wavelengths of light. The subgross spectrum Includes the colors of the rainbow, which are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.Ultraviolet light The kind of light that causes sunburns. It has a wavelength somewhat shorter than the violet light at the end of the visible spectrum. Infrared radiation Has a wavelength somewhat longer than the red light at the other end of the visible spectrum. STRUCTURE OF THE EYEThe process of vision cannot be on a lower floorstood without some knowledge about the structure of the eye * The sclera is the white, elastic outer covering of the eye. * The cornea is the transparent outer bulge in earlier of the eye through which light waves pass * The iris is the pigmented muscular membrane that control the aperture in the center of the pupil.The iris determines the amount of light that enters the eye. * The iris surrounds an open up called the pupil, the dark circular aperture in the center of the iris of the eye that admits light. The pupil can get bigger or smaller to allow different amounts of light through the genus Lens to the back of the eye. In bright light, the pupil contracts to restrict light intake in sable light, the pupil expands to increase light intake. * The electron lens is the transparent biconvex structure of the eye behind the iris and pupil that focuses light rays entering through the pupil to form an picture on the retina.The lens can adjust its shape to focus light from objects that are near or far away. This process is called accommodation. * Light passing through the cornea, pupil, and lens go onto the retina at the back of the eye. The retina is the delicate multilayer light sensitive membrane lining the in ner eyeball It consists of layers of ganglion cells,bipolar cells and photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. The contrive that falls on the retina is always upside down. * The ganglion cells are the ticker cells of the retina, which receive impulses from rods and cones via the bipolar cells and transmit those impulses to the brain. Optic nerve are the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the retina and the brain. * Bipolar cells are the cells that collect and consolidate ocular information. A event bipolar cell is either rod driven or cone driven, meaning that the cell receives information from either groups of rods or groups of cones but neer from a minute of the two. Bipolar cells transmit to the ganglion cells a ratio derived from the signals they receive from the photoreceptors and nearby horizontal cells. * Horizontal cells are the retina cells with short dendrites and long axons that extend horizontally, linking rods and cones with other cones.Each of these cells fires a ccording to the average light intensity generated by the photoreceptors in its immediate neighbourhood. Horizontal cells are thought to influence the opposing color color processes(such as red and green, blue and yellow) are probably responsible, in part for negative after go steadys and other opponent-process effects. * Amacrine cells are the large retinal neurons that connect ganglion cells laterally. There are at least 30 different varieties of amacrine cells. Image reflection appears to be one of their many functions. The functions of most amacrine cells are unknown. The center of the retina, the fovea centralis, is where vision is sharpest. This explains why people look directly at an object they want to inspect. This causes the image to fall onto the fovea, where vision is clearest. EYE TROUBLENearsightedness is the inability to clearly see distant objects. Farsightedness is the inability to clearly see close objects. A cataract is a lens that has become opaque, resulting in impaired vision. Blind spot is the region of the retina where the optic nerve attaches and where there are no photoreceptors. The fovea is also a blind spot when something is viewed in very dim light.Rods and ConesThe retina has millions of photoreceptors called rods and cones. Photoreceptors are narrow cells that respond to light stimuli. There are many more rods than cones. The long, narrow cells, called rods, are highly sensitive to light and allow vision even in dim conditions. There are no rods in the fovea, which is why vision becomes hazy in dim light. However, the area just outside the fovea contains many rods, and these allow peripheral vision. Because rods are so sensitive to light, in dim lighting conditions peripheral vision is sharper than direct vision.Example People can often see a star in the night sky if they look a little to the side of the star instead of directly at it. Looking to the side utilizes peripheral vision and makes the image of the star fall onto the periphery of the retina, which contains most of the rods. Cones are cone-shaped cells that can distinguish between different wavelengths of light, allowing people to see in color. Cones dont work well in dim light, however, which is why people have trouble distinguishing colors at night. The fovea has only cones, but as the distance from the fovea increases, the umber of cones decreases. Feature Rods Cones Shape Long and narrow Cone-shaped Sensitivity to light High inspection and repair people to see in dim light Low help people to see in bright light Help color vision No Yes Present in fovea No Yes Abundant in periphery of retina Yes No Allow peripheral vision Yes No ADAPTATION TO LIGHT Dark adaptation is the process by which receptor cells sensitize to light, allowing clearer vision in dim light. Light adaptation is the process by which receptor cells desensitize to light, allowing clearer vision in bright light. familiarity to the Optic NerveRods and cones connect via synapse s to bipolar neurons, which then connect to other neurons called ganglion cells. The axons of all the ganglion cells in the retina come together to make up the optic nerve. The optic nerve connects to the eye at a spot in the retina called the optic disk. The optic disk is also called the blind spot because it has no rods or cones. Any image that falls on the blind spot disappears from view. Transmission of optic Information Visual information travels from the eye to the brain as follows * Light reflected from an object hits the retinas rods and cones. Rods and cones send neural signals to the bipolar cells. * Bipolar cells send signals to the ganglion cells. * Ganglion cells send signals through the optic nerve to the brain. Bipolar and ganglion cells gather and compress information from a large number of rods and cones. The rods and cones that send information to a particular bipolar or ganglion cell make up that cells receptive field. Ganglion cell axons from the inner half of e ach eye cross over to the opposite half of the brain. This means that each half of the brain receives signals from both eyes.Signals from the eyes odd sides go to the left side of the brain, and signals from the eyes right sides go to the right side of the brain. The diagram below illustrates this process. Visual Processing in the Brain After being processed in the thalamus and different areas of the brain, optic signals eventually reach the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brains cerebrum. In the 1960s, David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel show that highly specialized cells called feature detectors respond to these visual signals in the primary visual cortex.Feature detectors are neurons that respond to specific features of the environment, such as lines and edges. From the visual cortex, visual signals often travel on to other parts of the brain, where more processing occurs. Cells deeper down the visual processing pathway are even more specialized than those in the visual cortex. Psychologists theorize that perception occurs when a large number of neurons in different parts of the brain activate. These neurons may respond to various features of the comprehend object such as edges, angles, shapes, feces, brightness, and texture.Color Vision Objects in the world seem to be brightly colored, but they actually have no color at all. Red cars, green leaves, and blue sweaters certainly existbut their color is a psychological experience. Objects only produce or reflect light of different wavelengths and amplitudes. Our eyes and brains then convert this light information to experiences of color. Color vision happens because of two different processes, which occur in sequence * The first process occurs in the retina and is explained by the trichromatic possibility. The second process occurs in retinal ganglion cells and in cells in the thalamus and visual cortex. The opponent process theory explains this process. These two theories are explained below . The tricolor Theory Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz proposed the trichromatic theory, or Young-Helmholtz theory. This theory states that the retina contains three types of cones, which respond to light of three different wavelengths, corresponding to red, green, or blue. Activation of these cones in different combinations and to different degrees results in the perception of other colors. Color smorgasbordMixing lights of different colors is called additive color mixing. This process adds wavelengths together and results in more light. Mixing paints, on the other hand, is called subtractive color mixing, a process that removes wavelengths so that there is less light. If red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet light were mixed, the result would be white light. If the same color paints were mixed together, the result would be a dark, muddy color. The trichromatic theory also accounts for color blindness, a hereditary condition that affects a persons ability to distinguish between colors.Most color-blind people are dichromats, which means they are sensitive to only two of the three wavelengths of light. Dichromats are usually insensitive either to red or green, but sometimes they cannot see blue. The Opponent Process Theory Ewald Hering proposed the opponent process theory. According to this theory, the visual system has receptors that react in opposite ways to three pairs of colors. The three pairs of colors are red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white. Some receptors are activated by wavelengths corresponding to red light and are glowering off by wavelengths corresponding to green light.Other receptors are activated by yellow light and turned off by blue light. Still others respond oppositely to black and white. Opponent process theory explains why most people perceive quad primary colors red, green, blue, and yellow. If trichromatic theory alone fully explained color vision, people would perceive only three primary colors, and all other colors would be combinations of these three colors. However, most people think of yellow as primary alternatively than as a mixture of colors. Opponent process theory also accounts for complementary or negative afterimages.Afterimages are colors perceived after other, complementary colors are removed. Example If Jack stares at a picture of a red square, wavelengths corresponding to red will activate the matching receptors in his visual system. For the sake of simplicity, these matching receptors can be referred to as red receptors. Anything that makes red receptors increase firing will be seen as red, so Jack will see the square as red. Anything that decreases the firing of red receptors will be seen as green. If Jack stares at the square for a while, the red receptors will get tired out and start to fire less.Then if he looks at a blank white sheet of paper, he will see a green square. The decreased firing of the red receptors produces an experience of a gre en afterimage. Form Perception The ability to see separate objects or forms is essential to daily functioning. Suppose a girl sees a couple in the distance with their arms around each other. If she perceived them as a four-legged, two-armed, two-headed person, shed probably be quite disturbed. People can make sense of the world because the visual system makes sensible interpretations of the information the eyes pick up.Gestalt psychology, a school of thought that arose in Germany in the early twentieth century, explored how people organize visual information into patterns and forms. Gestalt psychologists noted that the perceived whole is sometimes more than the sum of its parts. An example of this is the phi phenomenon, or stroboscopic movement, which is an deception of movement that happens when a series of images is presented very quickly, one after another. Example The phi phenomenon is what gives recruits and objects in movies the illusion of movement.In reality, a movie is a series of still images presented in rapid succession. Gestalt Principles Gestalt psychologists described several principles people use to make sense of what they see. These principles include figure and ground, proximity, closure, similarity, continuity, and simplicity * Figure and ground One of the main ways people organize visual information is to divide what they see into figure and ground. Figure is what stands out, and ground is the background in which the figure stands. People may see an object as figure if it appears larger or brighter relation to the background.They may also see an object as figure if it differs noticeably from the background or if it moves against a static environment. * proximity When objects lie close together, people tend to perceive the objects as a group. For example, in the graphic below, people would probably see these six figures as two groups of three. * Closure People tend to interpret familiar, incomplete forms as complete by filling in gaps. P eople can easily recognize the interest figure as the letter k in spite of the gaps. * Similarity People tend to group similar objects together.In the next figure, people could probably distinguish the letter T because similar dots are seen as a group. * Continuity When people see interrupted lines and patterns, they tend to perceive them as being straight by filling in gaps. The next figure is seen as a circle superimposed on a continuous line rather than two lines connected to a circle. * Simplicity People tend to perceive forms as simple, symmetrical figures rather than as irregular ones. This figure is generally seen as one triangle superimposed on another rather than a triangle with an angular piece attached to it. Depth PerceptionTo figure out the location of an object, people must be able to estimate their distance from that object. Two types of cues help them to do this binocular cues and monocular cues. Binocular Cues Binocular cues are cues that require both eyes. These types of cues help people to estimate the distance of nearby objects. There are two kinds of binocular cues retinal disparity and touchnce. * Retinal disparity marks the difference between two images. Because the eyes lie a couple of inches apart, their retinas pick up slightly different images of objects. Retinal disparity increases as the eyes get ambient to an object.The brain uses retinal disparity to estimate the distance between the viewer and the object being viewed. * Convergence is when the eyes turn inward to look at an object close up. The immediate the object, the more the eye muscles tense to turn the eyes inward. Information sent from the eye muscles to the brain helps to determine the distance to the object. Monocular Cues Monocular cues are cues that require only one eye. Several different types of monocular cues help us to estimate the distance of objects interposition, motion parallax, relative size and clarity, texture gradient, linear perspective, and light an d shadow. Interposition When one object is blocking part of another object, the viewer sees the blocked object as being farther away. * Motion parallax or relative motion When the viewer is moving, stationary objects appear to move in different directions and at different speeds depending on their location. Relatively close objects appear to move backward. The closer the object, the faster it appears to move. Distant objects appear to move forward. The further away the object, the slower it appears to move. * Relative size People see objects that make a smaller image on the retina as farther away. Relative clarity Objects that appear sharp, clear, and detailed are seen as closer than more hazy objects. * Texture gradient little objects that are more thickly clustered appear farther away than objects that are spread out in space. * Linear perspective Parallel lines that converge appear far away. The more the lines converge, the greater the perceived distance. * Light and shadow Patt erns of light and shadow make objects appear three-dimensional, even though images of objects on the retina are two-dimensional. Creating PerspectiveArtists use monocular cues to give a three-dimensional appearance to two-dimensional pictures. For instance, if an artist wanted to paint a landscape scene with a straight highway on it, she would show the edges of the highway as two parallel lines gradually coming together to indicate that the highway continues into the distance. If she wanted to paint cars on the highway, she would paint bigger cars if she wanted them to seem closer and smaller cars if she wanted them to seem farther away. Perceptual Constancy Another important ability that helps people make sense of the world is perceptual constancy.Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that an object remains the same even when it produces different images on the retina. Example When a man watches his wife walk away from him, her image on his retina gets smaller and smalle r, but he doesnt assume shes shrinking. When a woman holds a al-Quran in front of her face, its image is a rectangle. However, when she puts it down on the table, its image is a trapezoid. Yet she knows its the same book. Although perceptual constancy relates to other senses as well, visual constancy is the most studied phenomenon.Different kinds of visual constancies relate to shape, color, size, brightness, and location. * Shape constancy Objects appear to have the same shape even though they make differently shaped retinal images, depending on the viewing angle. * Size constancy Objects appear to be the same size even though their images get larger or smaller as their distance decreases or increases. Size constancy depends to some extent on familiarity with the object. For example, it is common knowledge that people dont shrink. Size constancy also depends on perceived distance.Perceived size and perceived distance are potently related, and each influences the other. * Brightne ss constancy People see objects as having the same brightness even when they reflect different amounts of light as lighting conditions change. * Color constancy Different wavelengths of light are reflected from objects under different lighting conditions. Outdoors, objects reflect more light in the blue range of wavelengths, and indoors, objects reflect more light in the yellow range of wavelengths. condescension this, people see objects as having the same color whether they are outdoors or indoors because of two factors.One factor is that the eyes adapt quickly to different lighting conditions. The other is that the brain interprets the color of an object relative to the colors of nearby objects. In effect, the brain cancels out the unneeded blueness outdoors and the extra yellowness indoors. * Location constancy Stationary objects dont appear to move even though their images on the retina shift as the viewer moves around. Visual Illusions The brain uses Gestalt principles, depth perception cues, and perceptual constancies to make hypotheses about the world. However, the brain sometimes misinterprets information from the senses and makes incorrect hypotheses.The result is an optical illusion. An illusion is a mistake of a sensory stimulus. Illusions can occur in other senses, but most research has been done on visual illusions. In the famous Muller-Lyer illusion shown here, the steep line on the right looks longer than the line on the left, even though the two lines are actually the same length. This illusion is probably due to misinterpretation of depth perception cues. Because of the attached diagonal lines, the vertical line on the left looks like the near edge of a building, and the vertical line on the right looks like the far edge of a room.The brain uses distance cues to estimate size. The retinal images of both lines are the same size, but since one appears nearer, the brain assumes that it must be smaller. Perceptual Set The Muller-Lyer illusion doesnt fool everyone equally. Researchers have found that people who live in cities experience a stronger illusion than people who live in forests. In other words, city-dwelling people see the lines as more different in size. This could be because buildings and board surround city dwellers, which prepares them to see the lines as intimate and outside edges of buildings.The difference in the strength of the illusion could also be due to variations in the amount of experience people have with making three-dimensional interpretations of two-dimensional drawings. Cultural differences in the tendency to see illusions illustrate the importance of perceptual set. Perceptual set is the readiness to see objects in a particular way based on expectations, experiences, emotions, and assumptions. Perceptual set influences our everyday perceptions and how we perceive reversible figures, which are forked drawings that can be interpreted in more than one way.For example, people might see a vase or two faces in this famous figure, depending on what theyre led to expect. Selective Attention Reversible figures also illustrate the concept of selective attention, the ability to focus on some bits of sensory information and ignore others. When people focus on the white part of the figure, they see a vase, and when they focus on the black part of it, they see two faces. To use the language of Gestalt psychology, people can choose to make the vase figure and the face ground or vice versa.Selective attention allows people to carry on periodic activities without being overwhelmed by sensory information. Reading a book would be impossible if the reader paid attention to not only the words on the page but also all the things in his peripheral vision, all the denses around him, all the smells in the air, all the information his brain gets about his body position, air pressure, temperature, and so on. He wouldnt get very far with the book. Context Effects Another factor that influence s perception is the context of the perceiver. Peoples immediate surroundings create expectations that make them see in particular ways.Example The figure below can be seen either as a sequence of letters, A B C, or a sequence of numbers, 12 13 14, depending on whether it is scanned across or down. HEARING Hearing, or audition, depends on the presence of conk out waves, which travel much more slowly than light waves. Sound waves are changes in pressure generated by vibrating molecules. The physical characteristics of sound waves influence the three psychological features of sound loudness, pitch, and timbre. * Loudness depends on the amplitude, or height, of sound waves. The greater the amplitude, the louder the sound perceived. Amplitude is measured in decibels.The absolute threshold of human hearing is defined as 0 decibels. Loudness doubles with every 10-decibel increase in amplitude. A Whisper to a Scream The loudness of normal human colloquy is about sixty decibels. A whisper is about twenty decibels. A shout right into someones ear is about 115 decibels. being exposed to sounds that are over 120 decibels, even for brief periods, can damage the auditory system. * Pitch, though influenced by amplitude, depends most on the frequency of sound waves. oftenness is the number of times per second a sound wave cycles from the highest to the lowest point.The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. Frequency is measured in hertz, or cycles per second. Frequency also affects loudness, with higher-pitched sounds being perceived as louder. Amplitude and frequency of sound waves interact to produce the experiences of loudness and pitch. Whats Audible? Humans can hear sounds that are between 20 and 20,000 hertz. * Timbre, or the particular quality of a sound, depends on thecomplexity of a sound wave. A pure tone has sound waves of only one frequency. Most sound waves are a mixture of different frequencies. The Structure of the EarKnowing the basic structure of th e ear is essential to guessing how hearing works. The ear has three basic parts the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The visible part of the ear is the pinna, which collects sound waves and passes them along the auditory canal to a membrane called the eardrum. When sound waves hit the eardrum, it vibrates. The eardrum transmits the vibration to three bones, or ossicles, in the middle ear, which are called the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup. The diagram of the ear shows how they got these names they actually look like a hammer, an anvil, and a stirrup.In response to the vibration, these ossicles move one after another. Their function is to amplify the sound vibrations. From the ossicles, vibrations move through a membrane called the oval window to the cochlea of the inner ear. The cochlea is a coiled, fluid-filled tunnel. Inside the cochlea are receptors called cilia or hair cells that are embedded in the basilar membrane. The basilar membrane runs along the whole length of the coiled cochlea. Vibrations that reach the inner ear cause the fluid in the cochlea to move in waves. These waves in turn make the hair cells move.The movement triggers impulses in neurons that connect with the hair cells. The axons of these neurons come together to form the auditory nerve, which sends impulses from the ear to the brain. In the brain, the thalamus and the auditory cortex, which is in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum, receive auditory information. Pitch Perception Two theories explain how people distinguish the pitch of different sounds place theory and frequency theory. Place theory explains how people discriminate high-pitched sounds that have a frequency greater than 5000 Hz.Place theory states that sound waves of different frequencies trigger receptors at different places on the basilar membrane. The brain figures out the pitch of the sound by detecting the position of the hair cells that sent the neural signal. Frequency theory explains how people discriminate low-pitched sounds that have a frequency below 1000 Hz. According to frequency theory, sound waves of different frequencies make the whole basilar membrane vibrate at different rates and therefore cause neural impulses to be sent at different rates.Pitch is determined by how fast neural signals move along to the brain. The detection of moderately pitched sounds, with a frequency between 1000 and 5000 Hz, is explained by both place theory and frequency theory. To discriminate among these sounds, the brain uses a code based both on where the neural impulses originated and how quickly neural impulses move. Locating Sounds In the same way that people use two eyes to perceive depth, people use two ears to locate the origin of sounds. The left ear receives sound waves coming from the left slightly faster than the right ear does.The signal received by the left ear may also be a little more intense than that received in the right ear, because the signal has to go around the hea d to enter the right ear. Locating a sound is difficult if both ears receive a signal of scarce the same intensity at exactly the same time, as when a sound originates from directly in front, directly behind, or directly above. Turning the head or cocking it to one side can help circumvent this difficulty. TASTE AND SMELL. Taste and smell are chemical senses. As light waves stimulate vision and sound waves stimulate sound, chemicals stimulate taste and smell. TASTETaste, or gustation, happens when chemicals stimulate receptors in the tongue and throat, on the inside of the cheeks, and on the roof of the mouth. These receptors are inside taste buds, which in turn are inside little bumps on the skin called papillae. Taste receptors have a short life span and are replaced about every ten days. For a long time, researchers believed in the existence of four tastes salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. Recently, researchers have suggested the presence of a fifth taste called umami. The spice m onosodium glutamate (MSG) has an umami taste, as do many protein-rich foods. Taste is also strongly influenced by smell.SMELL Smell, or olfaction, happens when chemicals in the air enter the nose during the breathing process. Smell receptors lie in the top of the nasal passage. They send impulses along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb at the base of the brain. Researchers theorize that there are a great many types of olfactory receptors. People perceive particular smells when different combinations of receptors are aflame. Remembrance of Smells Past The sense of smell is closely connected with memory. Most people have had the experience of smelling something, maybe a certain perfume or spice, and suddenly experiencing a strong emotional memory.Researchers dont know exactly why this happens, but they theorize that smell and memory trigger each other because they are processed in neighboring regions of the brain. POSITION MOVEMENT AND BALANCE Kinesthesis is the sense of the position and movement of body parts. Through kinesthesis, people know where all the parts of their bodies are and how they are moving. Receptors for kinesthesis are dictated in the muscles, joints, and tendons. The sense of balance or equilibrium provides information about where the body exists in space.The sense of balance tells people whether they are standing up, falling in an elevator, or riding a roller coaster. The sensory system involved in balance is called the vestibular system. The main structures in the vestibular system are three fluid-filled tubes calledsemicircular canals, which are located in the inner ear. As the head moves, the fluid in the semicircular canals moves too, stimulating receptors called hair cells, which then send impulses to the brain. TOUCH he sense of touch is really a collection of several senses, encompassing pressure, pain, cold, and warmth.The senses of itch and tickle are related to pressure, and burn injuries are related to pain. Touch recepto rs are stimulated by mechanical, chemical, and thermal energy. Pressure seems to be the only kind of touch sense that has specific receptors. The Gate-Control Theory of Pain Researchers dont completely understand the mechanics of pain, although they do know that processes in the injured part of the body and processes in the brain both play a role. In the 1960s, Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall proposed an important theory about pain called the gate-control theory of pain.Gate-control theorystates that pain signals traveling from the body to the brain must go through a gate in the spinal cord. If the gate is closed, pain signals cant reach the brain. The gate isnt a physical structure like a fence gate, but rather a pattern of neural activity that either stops pain signals or allows them to pass. Signals from the brain can open or shut the gate. For example, focusing on pain tends to increase it, whereas ignoring the pain tends to decrease it. Other signals from the skin senses can a lso close the gate. This process explains why massage, ice, and heat relieve pain.

Miracles of Life Reaction Paper

Remarkably beautiful, the Miracles of Life records human conception and often more. Living and functioning reproductive systems are shown in the video, and there is so much to explore and absorb. I followed the short journey of millions of spermatozoan as they develop and strive mightily to reach the egg. And I noticed that there isnt a cat-o-nine-tails in the room who can watch footage without squirmingLikewise, magnification of up to half a million times the actual size allowed me to see the egg from its reading in an ovary, through the delicate fallopian tube for fertilization, and on to the uterus for growth and eventual birth. I have never thought about what an absolute miracle my vivification is. I cant imagine how I came to be. Out of thousands of eggs and millions of sperm, one egg and one sperm united to produce me. Had the union of sperm and egg come a day or even a month earlier or later, I might have been very different, perhaps the opposite sex or with blonde hair o r longer legs.The exact person that I am, born to my parents, on the date and time I was born, with the DNA structure I have has about a 1400,000,000,000 (one in 400 billion) chance of existing. If I dont call that miraculous, past I dont know what that is The film has shown me something profoundly beautiful and yet has left its fundamental mystery intact. The Miracles of Life is exceptional and it is a nonsubjective that can also be considered as art.

Lockie Leonard Proflie Essay

Lockie Leonard is 13 year old boy but he turns 14 in the book. He lives in a small town called Angelus with his family of 5, his dads name is Sarge and his mums name is Joy, he has a little brother and sister named Phillip and Blob. Blob is just a todler who can not walk or talk yet, Phillip thinks heis a mad scientist and likes to jibe girls out A note from the teacher saying that he was obsessed with sexp. 184, and he also still wets the bed and he is 11 geezerhood old.His best friend is Egg but he moved away, but they still talk by letters. Lockie is in love with Viki Streeton, according to him she is the hottest girl in school. His mum was depressed and crying all the timeand no one had any idea what was going on especially Lockie, Lockie was very troubled by this he was confused. Joy used to do all the things around thehouse like clean, wash and cook dinner but after she left Lockie had do all these jobs.In doing all these jobs and doing them well and his mum being sick Lockie and Sarge grew closer in there relationship in trusting each and talking to each other. subsequently a while in hospital his mum was gradually getting better, Lockie went to talk to her every day because he missed her and wanted to make indisputable she was alright. Eventually she got out and she was felling great(p) and had never felt better so Lockies life was back to normal, his mum was alright and his relationship with his dad was great and him and Viki had sort of started things again so it was going perfect.

Online Therapy Essay

Little by little the internet and technology be expanding to incorporate more aspects of our daily lives. The expansion is so vast, one can now do Just about anything online. On line advances has no doubt positively contri simplyed to businesses, education, communication, and quality of life in general, but when does one draw the line? Healthcare is a very serious subject because it deals with peoples lives and well being. Potential problems that whitethorn arise from it are not monetary, comparable those snarly with losing a Job or failing a school course, but deal with lives and peoples weakest and perhaps roughly uncontrollable side of life.Psychological disorders usually arise from events and sources not under the control of patients. Unlike purchasing the wrong stock at the wrong period or having an unsuccessful online business presentation, depression, addiction, phobias, and other psychological disorders are delicate matters that are not a result of bad decision making, however, much like every service the internet offers us, cyber psychological science does have its advantages and disadvantages. Disadvantages and Solutions The first glaring disadvantage is the loss of essential elements with the lack of face to face interactions.The fact that psychology is the study of behavior, it is imperative for a therapist to get a grasp on the patients complete behavior, which includes, but is not limited to, facial movements and body movements, aspect of voice, posture, and appearance. To fully understand a client, a therapist must be able to be privvy to this side of the individuals personality to accurately diagnose and ultimately touch on a problem or disorder. One centering to solve this disadvantage could be for the therapist to request an initial face-to-face assessment that can so be attach toed by online treatments of various sorts.This enhances the screening process and leaves no room for misinterpretation or misdiagnosis that can arise from l ack of personal interaction. Also, for cases or procedures involving telly conferencing and webcam interactions, it is crutial for websites to continue to improve the idiot box quality to avoid missing any words or movements that may be crucial to analyzing behaviors. Maybe once video conferencing is perfected, it will addition the validity of such therapeutic media and allow it to replace the need for an initial in person interaction. A second concern involved with web therapy is security.We are surrounded by warning signs oncerning various web securities, including scams, hacks, and phishing sites. In the past, we have seen many cases serious enough to make it to the news to increase awareness and warn people of the seriousness of certain situations. It is almost possible for hackers to invade most sites and this compromises the privacy of patients personal and diagnostic information. Also, confirming the validity of peculiar(prenominal) sites may be hard on some people since scam sites go into extreme measures to mimic credible sites.The fact that most on-line therapies choose payment in advance, may seem tempting for people who make a living from online camming. Another potential leak in privacy may unintentionally arise from the clients themselves the use of public computers or implying improper security features and practices to ones personal computer. To counteract security problems, websites are constantly working on contain security and privacy. It is important for releasing financial or personal and emotional information.Psychologists are required to practice therapy in state(s) of which they are licensed for practice. Cyber therapy offers ways to go around that law. A patient, for example, may claim different residence to receive treatment from a particular therapist of agency. Also, since the world wide web spreads, well, worldwide, at that places a chance that some of the sites are run internationally and this may give rise to cultural disc onnect problems from misunderstanding situations, actions, and settings.Proper supervise should be implemented on cyber therapy websites to avoid such breaches and complications. Advantages of Online Therapy There are several advantages associates with online therapy. Time is something that seems to be becoming more scarce and harder to manage. Finding a service that can be molded around ones schedule, convenience, or from the privacy of ones ome is important to many people in todays fast paced way of life. Online therapy also offers a geographic advantage for people living in rural areas or people with transportation limitations.In addition, people with physical disabilities may now have an easier method of behavior therapy that does not interfere with their wellness issues. Finally, a very crucial advantage is financial. Online therapy makes it cheaper and thus easier to receive mental health therapy. Because of the lack of an office or facilities, transportation expenses, and th e availability of different program levels to hoose from, therapy became an attainable thing and a cry for help that was heard by cyber space.The options of send an email or having a telephone therapy session gives many benefits with the elimination of extended time charges and various office visit associated expenses. Websites Offering Online Therapy The Online Therapy Institute is a website designated primarily for therapist seeking to introduce online therapy as an option to their practice. It offers intensive information about how to set up an online therapy site and what the rules and regulations are and general guidelines to follow to provide proper therapeutic echniques.It also assists therapists in the initial stages and provides a reference for any upcoming issues. E-Therapists Online provides services for patients seeking online therapy via e- mail, private chats, and phone counseling. It provides egest instructions on how to begin therapy and also price guideline. Paymen t is due prior to therapy. For example, an e-mail session addresss $39. 95 and 4 e-mail sessions cost $149. 00. Telephone or chats cost $95. 00 for 60 minutes and $623. 00 for 7 60 minute chats or calls. Headworks is another website similar to e-therapists online.In addition to the ervices that e-therapists online provides, they offer impeccant self-help information and customized services. Conclusion Online therapy definitely has its advantages, but it should also be handled carefully. Not all cases of mental health should be able to be treated via cyber psychotherapy because some are much more complicated and need in person therapy. Once this service is solidified, this service will be more perfection for people who are in need of minor therapy, interaction with people, behavioral help, and guidelines in life but are unable to do face-to-face therapy for geographical or financial constrains.

Poverty and Human Essay

Poverty is a disgraceful and unjust condition that has always haunted mankind. Most masses see the problem as insoluble. They see introductory solutions that have failed. Some even think that previous remedies have worsened the condition of the poor. They claim that assisting the poor increases dependency and produces a culture of poverty that persists from coevals to generation. Some go further and blame the poor for their problems. They think many of the poor are shiftless, lazy, unintelligent, or even parasitic. All that said, there is widespread pessimism about mankinds ability to reduce the cosmoss level of poverty and wasted lives. But why help the poor? This is a present about which I feel passionately, yet at the same time satisfyingistically with a truehearted compassion rather than sentimentality.Nevertheless, as I have traveled the world, my indignation has often been aroused by the sights and sounds of human need. I had the privilege once in Calcutta to meet Mother Teresa at atomic number 53 of her nourishment centers for the poor and outcast of that teeming city. When I asked her how she coped with all the fame and adulation she receives, she replied It means nothing to me. But one thing I have done which I believe is important. I have helped people to peach to the poor and not just about the poor. That is a simple but very large statement which indicates the poor are not just some conglomerate group which can be dismissed as an economically, non-productive sector of society that we are unfortunately stuck with. They are fellow human beings real people, individuals for whom we have concern and responsibility.

The Life of Jesus Christ

The Life of deliveryman messiah The birth of rescuer Christ to the sodding(a) Mary is verbalise to have happened in a humble stable in Bethlehem, which is of several(prenominal) controversy. on that point is belief that the Christian Monks miscalculated the actual time and date that deliveryman was born. It has been stated that Jesus, born in Bethlehem as told in the Old Testament, could have been born in or near Naz arth in the town of Galilee. With that, some scholars have dated Jesus line years back as far as Adam, the son of God, as well as King David and Abraham from the Old Testament.With the birth of Jesus, nothing else is told about his childhood until he reached the age of twelve. It is said that he found himself lost from his parent during Passover in Jerusalem, when found by his parents Jesus was in the Temple discussing the Torah with the rabbis. The rabbis were astonished in Jesus comprehension of the Torah and the answer he had provided them to their questions. There is little said about Jesus climb to manhood, he is about thirty when it is told about his Baptism by John in the Jordan River for his preparation for the Kingdom of God.After the Baptism, Jesus indeed began to gather his first disciples, having them leave their processions and human fond regard to follow him. Jesus taught that the spiritual treasures were far more fulfilling than the material riches of the earth, that prayer to God for function will hem them find what they seek. Jesus, Or the Messiah as he was called by his disciples, began execute miracles in his travels such as turning water into wine, healing the sick, resurrecting the dead and the widely know, walking on water.Jesus taught that everything was possible with God and that god was forgiving to those who are willing to repent their sins. In Jesus travels he finds himself back to Jerusalem, the place where Jesus knows will bring about his end, provided now continues. Jesus is then put on trial and Crucifi ed on the hill called Golgotha, also know as the Place of the Skulls. It is at the crucifixion that Jesus disciples became fearful and took to hiding till the word of Jesus Resurrection. The resurrection was seen as a triumph for Jesus, making his followers believe that he was God sent down into human form to take up them to the Kingdom of God.The Life of Muhammad Muhammad, unlike Jesus, was a prophet that was sent out by Gods angels to spread his word. Mohammads mother and father passed a charge when he was very young and was taken care of by his overprotective uncle. Muhammad had been noticed by a Christian Monk that identified the marks on his body as that of a prophet. When Muhammad reached the age of twenty triplet, a woman named Khadijah offered to marry him and became his biggest supporter as he began his program line of Allah.It is said that angels in human form would come to Muhammad giving him the word of god, which at first, Muhammad was opposed to paying. The teac hings that Muhammad was told to lecture publicly, were rejected by the Qurayshites at Kabah, and Muhammad was ridiculed and stoned for preaching these beliefs. It is said that after this public preaching, Muhammad and his followers were banished for three years to a desolate place to struggle for their survival. At the age of fifty, also know as his Year of Sorrows, Muhammad lost his beloved wife and protective uncle.With his strongest backers gone, the persecutions increased when he returned to Mecca, thus causation him to accept an invitation to Yathrib to assist in solving their social and political problems. This movement caused the Meccans to feel threatened by Muhammad, causing the Meccans to wage war against Yathrib or al-Medina. After several battles, Muhammad was able to negotiate a truce amid the two cities. In 630 ce, Mohammad returned to Mecca, with a following so great that the Meccans did not fight and began to accepted Muhammad as a prophet.Muhammad, using Quranic revelations, emphasized that the traditions of Abraham are the religious unities of Jews, Christian and Islamic belief systems. With Mecca reclaimed, Medina was kept as the political and spiritual base of Islam, allowing campaigns to spread the faith to Africa and Persia. The destruction of Jesus Christ After the Crucifixion of Jesus, many that followed him became fearful and hid from the Jews, spending that time in hiding mourning instead of continuing Jesus preachings. His death was thought to be the end of the religion as had happened to numerous other messianic religious cults.With his death, the belief that Jesus was God in human form was crushed till his resurrection from his tomb. The Death of Muhammad Muhammads death had little impact on Islamic religion because he was and still is ascertained expert a man. There was no thought that Muhammad was anything more than a man that was a servant to God, service of process spread God will to those around him. The humble life th at Muhammad led is what allowed the continued strength of the religion, the non anti-Semite(prenominal) way about him is was every Muslim strives to be.Muhammad may not have been God, or a Messiah, but the way in which he led his life is still a very important break out of how the Muslim religion works. Good Muslins try to live in the footsteps of Muhammad as though he was just man as they are, instead of a God. The Worshipping of Jesus Worshippers of Jesus believed that he was the Messiah and Savior for humanity, horizontal though Jesus himself refused to be considered in that way. Communion, the sharing of bread and wine, and Hymns are just a a couple of(prenominal) way that Jesus has been worshipped.The Mass is a gathering of Christians to, in prayer and preaching, remembering Jesus Christ and all the suffering he did for the inviolable of humanity, and then is praised with music and hymns. The sharing of the bread and wine are for the remembrance of Jesus, the bread a sign of his body and the wine of his blood, the comer is thought to bring Jesus in them. The cross, from which Jesus was crucified from, is the centerpiece of the Christian faith as a reminder that Jesus had sacrificed himself for the good of humanity. The Death of MuhammadMohammads followers would have done anything and everything for him, if Muhammad would have let them. Worshippers of Muhammad were told that worshipping him would discrimination, God would not was his servants to consider themselves as superior to another. It wasnt till after Muhammads death that he was worshipped for the way that he led his life, which true Muslims try to model their own lives. Muslims now face Mecca for their daily prayers on the urging of Muhammad, and remember the trial and tribulations he endured for God. Christianity TodayIn modern day Christianity, many contrastive views of the bible have formed as well as doctrines. These four doctrines would be the Roman Catholics, easterly Orthodox, Protesta nt and other Catholics, and Restorationists , all having a slightly different version of worship. In some aspects, Christianity has taken on some of the Muslim belief as far as discrimination. The cross is still a symbol of Jesus sacrifice for humanity, and there is now a place for a Christian to knowledge their sins for forgiveness. Aspects of Christianity have had to do a certain amount of changes to conform away from the skepticism today.Islam Today The Muslim religion today, minus a few setbacks early on, still holds true to the teachings of Muhammad. The changes in the Muslim horticulture have set on some changes to help those less fortunate, to help increase the right of comparison and kindness. The Quran is still used as the Muslim scriptures and adhered to as it was when Muhammad taught them. Islam has rejected Christianity as a brothering religion and women are returning to being veiled in public. References all information came from Fisher, M. P. (2005). Living Religion s (6th ed. ). New Jersey Prentice-Hall Inc.

Identify and describe EA’s value chain and value chain costs

* Discuss whether EA has evolved any of its activities into competencies that pretend the company a competitive advantage. determine ChainValue Chain describes the activities within and around an placement which together create a product or service.Primary activities are directly concerned with the origination or delivery of a product or service.Support activities help to improve the effectiveness of competency of primary activities.(Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2005)Value Chain in EA for Creating ValuePrimary ActivitiesIn-bounds* EA is able to negotiate pot discounts with console makers (Sony & Nintendo) that supplied the CDs and DVDs.Operations* EA has a virtuous strategy for the plot creation and evaluation.* State-of-the-art tools use to will for more cost-effective product maturation and to efficiently convert games designed on one game platform to other platforms. (Compatibility of games)* Have a strong relationship with console manufacturers.* Has an edge on its co mpetitors that no other game parcel company has EAs ability to localize games or to launch games on octuple platforms in multiple countries in multiple languages.* Strong alliance with Cinema, Sports & other entertainment companies.* EA invested heavily in the development of tools and technologies that would facilitate the creation of new games for the existing (and future) game-playingOut-bounds* Proud of games, i.e. family entertainment games for video game consoles, PCs, mobiles, pile held and online.Marketing & Sales* Boost its budgets for marketing and advertising, particularly TV advertising.* Electronic arts marketing its products general under four brand logos EA Sports, EA Sports Big, EA Games, and Pogo. ( diversification of games)* Has a good relation with mass market retailers (like Wal-Mart, Toys R Us, Best Buy and so on), getting more shelf space for its games.* EAs games available in approximately 80,000 retail locations worldwide.Services* Manufacturers guarante e* Launching game patches for extending games including new missions and characters.Support ActivitiesProcurement* License agreements to create software games with the console manufacturers. (Sony, Microsoft, Nintendo etc.)* Agreement with the America Online (AOL), to be exclusive provider of a broad aggregation of online games. man Resource Management* Focused strategy is in place for human resource management and development. EA invests succession and money in training people, and retaining and developing them.* Offer healthy working environment, providing Gym, Sports Pitch, Coffee Bar etc.* Present and former staff has praised Larry Probsts leadership for his ability to motivate and energize people.InfrastructureWe can reason EAs infrastructure in three ways* Product Structure Making products for Video consoles, Hand held, unstable games, and Software games.* Geographical Structure Two major design studios in Vancouver and Los Angeles and smaller design studios in San Franci sco, Orlando, London, and Tokyo.* Functional Structure Employees tend to be specialist in the business functions important to EA, such as manufacturing, marketing, finance, and human resources.Technology Development* State-of-the-art tools use to allow for more cost-effective product development and to efficiently convert games designed on one game platform to other platforms.* Electronic Arts has a reputation for new product development and creativity.Linkages* License with the console makers for creation of software games and as well getting discounted supply of CDs, DVDs or optical disks.* Geographical infrastructure allows EA to localize its games.* Rewording people creates more productivity from the employeesFrom the honour chain in EA, it points out that how the nurse creates and how these activities relate to the cost reduction. EA must musical accompaniment maintaining and improving these values-create activities.Unique ResourcesUnique Resources are those resources that critically underpin competitive advantage and that others can non easily imitate or obtain. (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2005)The Unique Resources OF EA* Acquisition of design studios world wide, to localize its games.* Heavily invested in R & D, facilitate the creation of new games for the existing and future game-playing* The commonality fleet* EA website Pogo.com* The motivations among EA staff cell nucleus Competence nerve competences are the activities and processes through which resources are deployed in such a way as to achieve competitive advantage in ways that others can not imitate or obtain. (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2005)Core Competence of Ryanair* The good and long-term relationship witho Console Manufacturers Sony, Microsoft, Nintendoo Mass Market Retailers Wal-Mart, Toys R Us, Best Buyo Cinema, Sports and other entertainment industrieso AOL To operate the games channel online on AOL* Diversification of games* Boost its budgets for marketing and advert ising, particularly TV advertising.Dynamic CapabilitiesDynamic capabilities are an organizations abilities to develop and change competences to impact the needs of rapidly changing environmentDynamic capabilities of EA* Invested in the development of tools and technologies for creation of games for the new mannikin of beast consoles.* Strategic acquisition of Jamadat for the rapidly growing business of providing games on mobile phonesThe Value webIn most industries, it is rather unusual that a single company performs all activities from product design, takings of components, and final assembly to delivery to the final user by itself. Most often, organizations are elements of a value system or supply chain.The value network is the set of inter-organizational links are relationships that are demand to create a product or service.(Source M.E. Porter)So the production of games not only depends on the EAs Value Chain but also on the suppliers, channels and customer value chains. Tha t when console makers are entree their new consoles when the retailers have more buying capacity and shelf space and when the product is floating into the customers value chain.

Tqm Syllabus

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ST JOSEPHS PG COLLEGE UNIT PLANNER NAME OF THE subscriber K. Srivani CLASS MBA II YEAR I SEMESTER SUBJECT TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT UNIT ITQM HISTORY & EVOLUTION TOPIC CONTENT BOOK CHAPTER & rogue NUMBERS NO OF HOURS inform METHODOLOGIES/ support Connotations of prime(a)Definitions fall Quality Management Dale Besterfield Pages 2 chafe Method Brainstorming/Quiz consciousness 13-20 Teaching Aid PPT-Intro Quality Framework Quality Equation Q=P/E Dimensions of Quality propeluct-Garvins Nine Dimensions Features Conformance Total Quality Management Dale Besterfield Pages 1 Lecture / discourse PPt etc. 21-27 go The P-C-P poseur Peripheral-Core-Pivotal Characteristics fabric. TQM in the expediency Sector R P Mohanty Pages 59-60 and 82-84 The Concept of TQM and Brief History Total Quality Management Dale Besterfield Pages 1 Lecture / parole PPt Evolution of TQM Old and New Cultures 15-17 and 21-22 The Story of Gurus from Shehwart,- Deming to Ishikawa neo musical arrangements/ sextet sigma TQM Fundamentals Inspection, SQC, QA & The inspection Era Total Quality Management Dale Besterfield Pages 212 Lecture / base on ballsword PPt TQM Conventional QM The Statistical QC Techniques expanded to 2nd and 3rd chapters sum-up Cases and Examples with citations of TQM /TQM Reactive Approach worldwide Quality references, Industry Practices exemplary musical arrangements Prevention of Defects Proactive Approach Quality Assurance & TQM QM and TQM Customer provider focusCustomer Definition Total Quality Management Dale Besterfield expanded2 Lecture / parole PPt in QM Internal external Customer to 2nd , 3rd & 4th chapters summary Cases and Examples with citations of TQM Benefits and cost TQMprovider dismantlenership General Quality references, Industry Practices exemplary Organisations Historical PerspectivesVendor Management Ch 7 for Costs Chapter 1 f or Benefits and Obstacles Benefits Costs Inspection Era QC Era to Q A Era Modern Dimensions Quality System Awards &System Concepts Total Quality Management Dale Besterfield expanded3 Lecture / give-and-take PPt Guidelines Quality systems to seventh chapter Pages 203-218 Cases and Examples with citations of TQM MBNQA- ISO EFQM QMSISO 9000-14000-EMS 10th Chapter Summary exemplary Organisations Malcolm Balridge-Criteria EFQM-Downloads EFQM Model General Quality references, Industry Practices ISO Audit UNIT II TOOLS OF TQM TOPIC CONTENT BOOK CHAPTER & PAGE NUMBERS NO OF HOURS TEACHING METHODOLOGIES/AIDS Measurement Tools school Sheets Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 5 pages-64-73 2 Lecture /Discussion PPt Histograms All are covered against Purpose, When to Use, How to Cases and Examples Run graphs Use, raw material Steps-Final thoughts- Pitfalls if any PracticalIndustry examples are also taken for Scatter Diagrams divis ion room demo/display possess & Effect Diagram Measurement Tools Pareto Analysis Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 5 pages-76-84 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt continue litigate Capability Measurement. Cases and Examples Analytical Tools Process Mapping Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 6- pages-88-1032 Lecture /Discussion PPt reversion Analysis Cases and Examples RU/CS Analysis Five Whys OEE Improvement Tools Kaizen 100 Methods for TQM Gopal Kanji and Asher 2 Lecture /Discussion PPt JIT- Quality Circles various-respective pages for the listed method Cases and Examples Force Field Analysis Student presentation Five ys regard Tools Gantt Chart Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 8- 2 Lecture /Discussion PPt Network Diagram pages-136-141 Cases and Examples Radar Chart PDCA Milestone Tracker Earned value management UNIT III TECHNIQUES OF TQM TOPIC CONTENT BOOK CHAPTER & PAGE NUMBERS NO OF HOURS TEACHING METHODOLOGI ES/AIDS three-figureTechniquesFailure Mode Effect Analysis Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 9- 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Definition probability of failure estimation pages-148-151 Cases and Examples Reliability Index TQM Besterfield Ch 14 summary All are covered against Purpose, When to Use, Formula example How to Use, Basic Steps-Final thoughts- Pitfalls if any duodecimal TechniquesStatistical Process Control Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 9- 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt SPC Category, Mean, Standard Deviation, pages-152-156 Cases and Examples USLLSL-Controls Quantitative TechniquesQuality Function Deployment -QFD Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 9- 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Capturing Customer Expectations House of Quality pages-157-162 Cases and Examples Matrix TQM Besterfield- Ch 12 summary Quantitative Techniques mark of Experiments Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 9- 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt DOE Interrogating the Process , Fisher and Taguchi pages-162-168 Cases and Examples approach TQM Besterfield Ch 19 Quantitative TechniquesMonte Carlo Technique Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 9- 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt MCT Random Walk pages-179-185 Cases and Examples Random add together Generation qualitative Techniques Benchmarking Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 10- 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Internal, competitive, Functional, setting standards- pages-179-185 Cases and Examples world class TQM-Besterfield-Ch 8 Qualitative Techniques Balanced Score Card Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 10- 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Kaplan Norton model pages-190-196 Cases and Examples Framework-strategic Objectives to KPI Qualitative Techniques Sales & Operations Planning Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 10- 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt MRP II concepts Master Prod schedule pages-203-207 Cases and Examples Qualitative Techniques Kanban and Activity Based Costing Implementi ng Quality Ron Basu Chapter 10- 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt pages-203-207 Cases and Examples Taguchis Methods Quality Loss Function Total Quality Management Dale Besterfield Chapter2 Lecture /Discussion PPt impertinent Arrays 20 page 573- 629 Cases and Examples Signal to Noise Ratio Nominal, Target, smaller Larger the Best, Parameter Design, Tolerance Design UNIT IV SIX SIGMA TOPIC CONTENT BOOK CHAPTER & PAGE NUMBERS NO OF HOURS TEACHING METHODOLOGIES/AIDS The Concept of Six Sigma Six Sigma statistical Significance Greg Brue Six Sigma for Managers 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Focussed methodology Cases and Examples Objectives of Six Sigma Defect Free Lean SS Greg Brue Six Sigma for Managers 2 Lecture /Discussion PPt framework of Six Sigma Across all Functions Cases and Examples Performance Based Six Sigma Organisation Model of Organisation Greg Brue Six Sigma for Managers 2 Lecture /Discussion PPt Roles & Responsibilities Role Clarity- types Cases and Examples Cost/Benefits Cost, Benefits Optimisation Effective Methodology Six Sigma Problem Solving Methodology Greg Brue Six Sigma for Managers 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Approach Example Problems Cases and Examples Cases DMAIC Model Define Implementing Quality Ron Basu Chapter 9- 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Six Sigma Metrics Measure analyse pages-168-173 Cases and Examples Improve, Control Cost of Poor Quality(COPC)Costs Greg Brue Six Sigma for Managers 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Preventive Cases and Examples Maintenance DPMO-first pass yield 3. 4 DPMO Greg Brue Six Sigma for Managers 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Interpretations Cases and Examples UNIT V TQM IN improvement SECTORS TOPIC CONTENT BOOK CHAPTER & PAGE NUMBERS NO OF HOURS TEACHING METHODOLOGIES/AIDS Implementation of TQM in answer Quality measure TQM in the Service Sector 2 Lecture /Discussion PPt servicing Organisations Proposal R P Mohanty Chapter VII Pages- 246- 268 Cases and Examples Proposed System Checklist Framework for improving Gronross servQual model, Moores model, Service TQM in the Service Sector 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Service Quality Journey model, PCP feature Model etc R P Mohanty Chapter III Pages- 63-84-Summary Cases and Examples Model to Measure Service Parameters TQM in the Service Sector 2 Lecture /Discussion PPt Quality Analogy R P Mohanty Chapter VI Pages- 205-214-Summary Cases and Examples measurement TQM in health Care ServicesCase Study TQM in the Service Sector 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Model construction R P Mohanty Chapter IX Pages- 340-369-Summary Cases and Examples TQM in Hotels Case study TQM in the Service Sector 1 Lecture /Discussion PPt Model Construction R P Mohanty Chapter VI Pages- 215-233-Summary Cases and Examples TQM in Financial Services Banks TQM in the Service Sector 3 Lecture /Discussion PPt Investment keep company R P Mohanty Chapter X Pages- 371-400-Sum mary Cases and Examples Mutual Funds QP Discussion Discussion 1 TOTAL HOURS FOR point OF SYLLABUS 12+9+11+9+12 53 Assignment Questions as part of Internal marks from all the units . Previous year question paper Discussion in class room Presentations of students of companies following six sigma quality standards. Presentation of students on ISO certification and the companies involved in quality analysis and certification. K. SRIVANI DIRECTORPRINCIPAL